https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2020.8862
Metalliferous content of drinking water and sediments in storage tanks of some schools in Erbil city, Iraq
Submitted: 31 January 2020
Accepted: 7 August 2020
Published: 19 November 2020
Accepted: 7 August 2020
Abstract Views: 604
PDF: 318
HTML: 6
HTML: 6
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
The present study was conducted to evaluate the quality of drinking water in randomly selected schools in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The water quality indices such as the Heavy metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Heavy metal Evaluation Index (HEI) were applied to characterize water quality. Eighteen schools were incorporated and sampled for their water storage tanks available to students. Water samples and sediment samples from tanks floor were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer for the determination of twenty-two metal elements. In drinking water samples, all detected metals did not exceed the permissible limits of the World Health Organization. The results of this study showed that the average values of HPI and HEI for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn were 54.442 and 0.221, respectively. According to data of the water quality indices, the schools drinking water quality are good and suitable for drinking in terms of heavy metals. However, sediments samples contained high concentrations of all elements including the toxic heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, and Pb). Re-suspension of sediments into water column after refilling storage tanks can pose a serious threat to students drinking water from such vessels. It is therefore recommended that proper storage tanks are provided to the schools accompanied by continuous sanitation and hygiene practice to mitigate the corrosion of tanks to avoid health risks of toxic metal
Akoto O, Adiyiah J, 2007. Chemical analysis of drinking water from some communities in the Brong Ahafo region. Int J Environ Sci Technol 4:211–4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326276
Alabdula’aly AI, Khan MA, 2009. Heavy metals in cooler waters in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Environ Monitor Assess 157:23–8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0511-3
Ali H, Khan E, 2018. What are heavy metals? Long-standing controversy over the scientific use of the term ‘heavy metals’–proposal of a comprehensive definition. Toxicol Environ Chem 100:6–19.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2017.1413652
Alomary A, 2013. Determination of trace metals in drinking water in Irbid City-Northern Jordan. Environ Monitor Assess 185:1969–75.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2680-3
Al-Saleh I, Al-Doush I, 1998. Survey of trace elements in household and bottled drinking water samples collected in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sci Total Environ 216:181–92.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00137-5
AMETEK, FHS22, 2015. “Spectro ICP Report; Analysis of Aqueous Solutions by ICP-OES with Radial Plasma Observation. Spectro Arcos, Spectro Analytical Instruments GmbH Germany” , Available from: https://extranet.spectro.com/-/media/31793ADA-B987-4D37-B597-04AFB66C7C22.pdf Accessed on July 10, 2020.
Baldwin A, Li B, Liu H, Mmereki, D, 2016. The Management of Hazardous Waste in Developing Countries. Chapters. 3:39-50.
Bortey-Sam N, Nakayama SMM, Ikenaka Y, Akoto O, Baidoo E, Mizukawa H, Ishizuka M. 2015. Health risk assessment of heavy metals and metalloid in drinking water from communities near gold mines in Tarkwa, Ghana. Environ Monitor Assess 187:1–12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4630-3
Chowdhury S, Mazumder MAJ, Al-Attas O, Husain T, 2016. Heavy metals in drinking water: Occurrences, implications, and future needs in developing countries. Sci Total Environ 569–570:476–88.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.166
Cobbina SJ, Agoboh YP, Duwiejuah AB, Bakobie N, 2015. Evaluation of Stored Rainwater Quality in Basic Schools in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. Water Qual Expo Health 7: 583–90
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-015-0174-6
Duffus JH, 2002. “heavy metals” - A meaningless term? (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl Chem 74:793–07.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200274050793
Ferronato N, Torretta, V, 2019. Waste mismanagement in developing countries: A review of global issues. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16:1-28.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060
Ghaderpoori M, kamarehie B, Jafari A, Ghaderpoury A, Karami M, 2018. Heavy metals analysis and quality assessment in drinking water – Khorramabad city, Iran. Data in Brief 16, 685–92.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.11.078
Hammad ZH, Ali AO, Ahmed HH, 2008. The quality of drinking water in storage tanks in Khartoum State. Kharoum Med J 01:78–80.
Islam MA, Karim MR, Higuchi T, Sakakibara H, Sekine M, 2014. Comparison of the trace metal concentration of drinking water supply options in southwest coastal areas of Bangladesh. Appl Water Sci 4:183–191.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0140-z
Issa HM, Alrwai RA, 2018. Long-term Drinking Water Quality Assessment Using Index and Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Three Water Treatment Plants of Erbil City, Iraq. UKH J Sci Eng. 2:39-48.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v2n2y2018.pp39-48
Issa HM, Alshatteri A, 2018. Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Drinking Water of Garmian Region, Iraq. UHD J Sci Technol. 2:40-53.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v2n2y2018.pp40-53
Kafia MS, Slaiman GM, Nazanin MS, 2009. Physical and chemical status of drinking water from water treatment plants on Greater Zab River. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 13:89-92.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v13i3.55371
Kennelly P, 2018. The biochemical roles of transition metals. In: Rodwell V,, Kennelly P, Bender P, Weil P, Botham K, eds. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, pp 92–102.
Kim JJ, Kim YS, Kumar V, 2019. Heavy metal toxicity: An update of chelating therapeutic strategies. J Trace Elements in Med Biol 54:226–31.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.05.003
Majid SN, Khwakaram AI, Gado CS, Majeed BK, 2018. Pollution status evaluation of some heavy metals along some surface water sources by multivariate data analysis at Sulaimani governorate. J. Zankoy Sulaimani 20:63-80.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10642
Martín RJA, De Arana C, Ramos-Miras JJ, Gil C, Boluda R, 2015. Impact of 70 years urban growth associated with heavy metal pollution. Environ Pollut 196:156–63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.014
Meen HA, Rekani OA, Barwari VI, 2019. Application of Pollution indices for Heavy Metal Contamination Assessment in Surface Water of Duhok Dam (Kurdistan Region, Iraq). J Duhok Univ. 22:252-264.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26682/avuod.2019.22.1.24
Mirzabeygi M, Abbasnia A, Yunesian M et al., 2017. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in drinking water of Sistan and Baluchistan, Southeastern Iran. Human Ecol Risk Assess 23:1893–905.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1322895
Mohan SV, Nithila P, Reddy SJ, 1996. Estimation of heavy metals in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A 31:283–289.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529609376357
Rasool A, Farooqi A, Xiao T, Masood S, Kamran MA, bibi S, 2016. Elevated levels of arsenic and trace metals in drinking water of Tehsil Mailsi, Punjab, Pakistan. J Geochem Explor 169:89–99.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.07.013
Salih FA, Kasem, AO, Abdullah TH, Othman NF, Mina MB, 2015. Assessment of the quality of drinking water of Halabja City-Iraqi Kurdistan. Kirkuk Univ J /Sci Studi (KUJSS). 10:259-272.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32894/kujss.2015.105006
Salim HAM, Abdo HR, Buni FJ, Kareem IM, Najeeb MA, Hussen BA, 2017. Estimation and correlation analysis of heavy metals of some well water in Zakho City, Iraq. Sci J Univ Zakho. 5:205-209.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.2.369
United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1992. “Method 3005A: Acid Digestion of Waters for Total Recoverable or Dissolved Metals for Analysis by Flame Atomic Absorption (FLAA) or Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectroscopy” , Revision 1 Available from: https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-3005a-acid-digestion-waters-total-recoverable-or-dissolved-metals Accessed on November 29,2019.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1994. “Method 200.7: Determination of Metals and Trace Elements in Water and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry” Revision 4.4. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/method_200-7_rev_4-4_1994.pdf Accessed on November 29,2019.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1996. “Method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils,” Revision 2. Washington, DC. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-06/documents/epa-3050b.pdf Accessed on November 29,2019.
Wang G, A Y, Jiang H, Fu Q, Zheng B, 2015. Modeling the source contribution of heavy metals in surficial sediment and analysis of their historical changes in the vertical sediments of a drinking water reservoir. J Hydrol 520:37–51.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.11.034
Wu B, Wang G, Wu J, Fu Q, Liu C, 2014. Sources of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments and an Ecological Risk Assessment from Two Adjacent Plateau Reservoirs (JH Freedman, Ed,). PLoS ONE 9:e102101.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102101
Ziadat AH, 2005. Impact of Storage Tanks on Drinking Water Quality in Al-Karak Province-Jordan. J Appl Sci 5:634–8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2005.634.638
How to Cite
1.
Khalid HS, Ali HS, Almashhadany D. Metalliferous content of drinking water and sediments in storage tanks of some schools in Erbil city, Iraq. Ital J Food Safety [Internet]. 2020 Nov. 19 [cited 2024 Nov. 4];9(3). Available from: https://www.pagepressjournals.org/ijfs/article/view/8862
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Rossana Roila, Arianna Piersanti, Andrea Valiani, David Ranucci, Tamara Tavoloni, Arianna Stramenga, Francesco Griffoni, Lucia Pittura, Stefania Gorbi, Raffaella Franceschini, Francesco Agnetti, Giuseppe Palma, Raffaella Branciari, Carassius auratus as a bioindicator of the health status of Lake Trasimeno and risk assessment for consumers , Italian Journal of Food Safety: Vol. 12 No. 3 (2023)
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.