Lessons learned from qualitative fieldwork in a multilingual setting

Submitted: 29 June 2023
Accepted: 22 February 2024
Published: 22 March 2024
Abstract Views: 704
PDF: 182
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Authors

Qualitative research conducted in a multilingual setting is an arduous, yet essential, endeavour. As part of my PhD research program, I set out to conduct qualitative process evaluation of a stroke trial in 11 languages in the Indian subcontinent. In this article, I reflect upon the challenges, oversights, and successes that I experienced in the hope of offering insight of use to fellow researchers conducting healthcare fieldwork in multicultural contexts where many languages are spoken. My account starts with a description of the setting’s context and the necessity of conducting research in multiple languages. I elaborate on the planning of the study which included selection of the sample and preparation of relevant documents, including informed consent in patients’ languages. Subsequent steps entailed submission and approval of requisite documents, setup and training of a research team, and conducting interviews using interpreters. During this process, I developed a hybrid technique for conducting interviews that reduced fatigue for both patient interviewees and interpreters while still yielding in-depth insights. Additionally, I discuss the benefits of engaging professional translators for performing translations. Finally, I introduce a stepwise approach to facilitate the thematic analysis of qualitative data. I believe this account will encourage and empower researchers to pave their own way while anticipating and preparing for potential obstacles when conducting research in similar settings.

Dimensions

Altmetric

PlumX Metrics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Citations

Anderson C. (2010). Presenting and evaluating qualitative research. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 74(8), 141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/aj7408141
ATTEND Collaborative Group (2017). Family-led rehabilitation after stroke in India (ATTEND): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 390(10094), 588–599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31447-2
Bloom-Pojar, R. (2018). Translanguaging outside the academy. Studies in Writing and Rhetoric.
Busetto, L., Wick, W., & Gumbinger, C. (2020). How to use and assess qualitative research methods. Neurological Research and Practice, 2(1), 14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-020-00059-z
Census of India, (2011). Data on Language. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, New Delhi. Available at http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_New.pdf
Choithani, C., van Duijne, R. J., & Nijman, J. (2021). Changing livelihoods at India’s rural–urban transition. World Development, 146, 105617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105617
Cormier, G. (2017). The language variable in educational research: an exploration of researcher positionality, translation, and interpretation. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 41(3), 328–341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2017.1307335
Fazal, S., Ali, K., & Vashishtha, D. (2019). Some insight in to the language census of India-2011. The Geographer, 66(1), 31-45.
Ghirotto, L., De Panfilis, L., & Di Leo, S. (2020). Health professionals learning qualitative research in their workplace: a focused ethnography. BMC medical education, 20(1), 269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02191-5
Green, J., & Thorogood, N. (2018). Qualitative methods for health research (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative CVD Collaborators (2018). The changing patterns of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2016. The Lancet. Global health, 6(12), e1339–e1351.
Isaacs, A. (2014). An overview of qualitative research methodology for public health researchers. International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 4(4), 318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8598.144055
Jacob AM. (2021). Healthcare delivery systems in rural areas. In Rural health (pp. 21–34). IntechOpen. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87618
Jana, A., & Chattopadhyay, A. (2022). Prevalence and potential determinants of chronic disease among elderly in India: Rural-urban perspectives. PloS One, 17(3), e0264937. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264937
Kate, M., Verma, S., Arora, D., Sylaja, P., Padma, M., Bhatia, R., Khurana, D., Sharma, A., Ojha, P., Renjith, V., Kulkarni, G., Sadiq, M., Jabeen, S., Borah, N., Ray, B., Sharma, M. & Pandian, J.D. (2020). Systematic development of structured semi-interactive stroke prevention package for secondary stroke prevention. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 0(0), 0.
Know India: National Portal of India. (n.d.). Literacy. https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/literacy.php [cited 2023 May 21].
Know India: National Portal of India. (n.d.). States Uts. [cited 2023 May 21]. Available from: https://knowindia.india.gov.in/states-uts/
Kreps, G. L. (2008). Qualitative inquiry and the future of health communication research. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 9(1), 2-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17459430802440817
Kulkarni-Joshi, S. (2019). Linguistic history and language diversity in India: Views and counterviews. Journal of Biosciences, 44(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-019-9879-1
Liu, H., Lindley, R., Alim, M., Felix, C., Gandhi, D. B., Verma, S. J., Tugnawat, D. K., Syrigapu, A., Ramamurthy, R. K., Pandian, J. D., Walker, M., Forster, A., Hackett, M. L., Anderson, C. S., Langhorne, P., Murthy, G. V., Maulik, P. K., Harvey, L. A., & Jan, S. (2019). Family-led rehabilitation in India (ATTEND)—Findings from the process evaluation of a randomized controlled trial. International journal of stroke, 14(1), 53-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493018790076
MacKenzie, C. A. (2019). Finding meaning: A cross-language mixed-methods research strategy. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in health social sciences. Springer Singapore (pp. 1639-1652). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_37
Manohar, N., Liamputtong, P., Bhole, S., & Arora, A. (2017). Researcher positionality in cross-cultural and sensitive research. Handbook of research methods in health social sciences, 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2779-6_35-1
Mohamad Nasri, N., Nasri, N., & Abd Talib, M. A. (2021). Understanding university professors’ best mentoring practices in undergraduate research. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 60(1), 112–123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2021.1988677
Ngenye, L. & Kreps, G.L. (2020). A review of qualitative methods in health communication research. The Qualitative Report, 25(3), 631-645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4488
Oxley, J., Günhan, E., Kaniamattam, M., & Damico, J. (2017). Multilingual issues in qualitative research. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 31(7–9), 612–630. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2017.1302512
Pandian, J. D., Verma, S. J., Arora, D., Sharma, M., Dhaliwal, R., Khatter, H., Huilgol, R., Sylaja, P., Dhasan, A., Renjith, V., Pathak, A., Pai, A., Sharma, A., Vaishnav, A., Ray, B., Khurana, D., Mittal, G., Kulkarni, G., Sebastian, I., . . . Reddy, Y. M. (2021). INSTRuCT. Stroke, 52(10), e574–e580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.033149
Patton M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health services research, 34(5 Pt 2), 1189–1208.
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage Publications.
Ratner, C. (2012). P. Liamputtong, Performing qualitative cross-cultural research (pp.371-374).Qualitative Research in Psychology, 9(4), 371–374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2011.578539
Renjith, V., Yesodharan, R., Noronha, J. A., Ladd, E., & George, A. (2021). Qualitative methods in health care research. International journal of preventive Medicine, 12, 20.
Roy, E., & Mascarenhas, A. (2023). India’s population 142.8 crore in 2023, crosses China’s: UN population report. The Indian Express. [cited 2023 May 21]. Available from: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-population-up-un-sowp-report-life-expectancy-fertility-rate-8564123/
Stickley, T., O’Caithain, A., & Homer, C. (2022). The value of qualitative methods to public health research, policy and practice. Perspectives in Public Health, 142(4), 237-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17579139221083814
Temple, B. (2002). Crossed wires: Interpreters, translators, and bilingual workers in cross-language research. Qualitative Health Research, 12(6), 844–854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104973230201200610
Verma, S. J., Gulati, P., Dhiman, V. K., & Pandian, J. D. (2023). Rigor and reliability of qualitative research conducted in various languages: Fundamentals and their application. The Qualitative Report, 28(3), 960-975. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2023.5102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2023.5102
Verma, S. J., Gulati, P., Injety, R. J., Arora, D., Dhasan, A., Singhania, A., Khatter, H., Sharma, M., Sylaja, P. N., & Pandian, J. D. (2023). Secondary prevention by structured semi-interactive stroke prevention package in INDIA (SPRINT INDIA): Findings from the process evaluation of a randomized controlled trial. European stroke journal, 8(4), 1053–1063. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873231192291
Verma, S. J., Gulati, P., Khatter, H., Arora, D., Dhasan, A., Sharma, M., Sylaja, P. N., & Pandian, J. D. (2022). Protocol of process evaluation of secondary prevention by structured semi-interactive stroke prevention package in India (SPRINT INDIA) Trial. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21, 160940692210931. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221093139
Verma, S. J., Gulati, P., Ratra, S., & Pandian, J. D. (2023). Assessment of process evaluations of complex stroke rehabilitation and secondary stroke prevention trials—A scoping review. Journal of Stroke Medicine, 6(1), 11–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/25166085221150411
World Medical Association. (2013). Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
World Medical Association. (2018). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 320(11), 1129–1130.

How to Cite

Verma, Shweta Jain. 2024. “Lessons Learned from Qualitative Fieldwork in a Multilingual Setting”. Qualitative Research in Medicine and Healthcare 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.4081/qrmh.2024.11554.