Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization of MMT-Epoxy nanocomposite coatings obtained by electrophoretic deposition process
https://doi.org/10.4081/microscopie.2020.9682
Submitted: 15 February 2021
Accepted: 26 February 2021
Published: 2 March 2021
Accepted: 26 February 2021
Abstract Views: 356
PDF: 171
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All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Epoxy-nanoclay composite coatings are particularly attractive for their application in many technological areas, such as anticorrosion coatings on metal substrates and protective barriers. By adding layered silicates, having typically a structure formed by platelets with regular interspaces, it is possible to achieve an improvement of the specific properties of epoxy, even with surprising results. This is due to the penetration of polymer matrix between the silicate layers, inducing a dispersion of nanoplatelets at different degrees. In order to maximize the positive effect of the added silicate on the properties of the epoxy matrix, it is of primary importance to optimize the coating preparation process. To this aim, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an invaluable characterization technique, essential to obtain complete information on how much and how the nanoplatelets are distributed in the polymer matrix. For TEM observations it is necessary to find the right way to prepare a section of the sample by ultramicrotomy, without introducing artifacts. In this paper, we report TEM studies of montmorillonite-epoxy (MMT-epoxy) coatings obtained by Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD).
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- Bhattacharyya A. and Joshi M. Functional properties of microwave‐absorbent nanocomposite coatings based on thermoplastic polyurethane‐based and hybrid carbon‐based nanofillers. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2012; 23: 975–983.
- Boccaccini A.R., Keim S., Ma R., Li Y., Zhitomirsky I. Electrophoretic deposition of biomaterials. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010; 7(Suppl. 5): S581.
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- Cury Camargo P.H., Gundappa Satyanarayana K., Wypych F. Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and New Application Opportunities. Materials Research 2009; 12(1): 1-39.
- De Riccardis M.F., Martina V., Carbone D., Re M., Pesce E., Terzi R., Bozzini B. Incorporation of montmorillonite in epoxy to obtain a protective layer prepared by electrophoretic deposition. Materials Chemistry and Physics 2011; 125(1–2): 271-276.
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- Fratoddi I., Venditti I., Cametti C., Russo M. V. Chemiresistive polyaniline-based gas sensors: A mini review. Sensors and Actuators B 2015; 220: 534–548.
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- Jia F. and Song S. Exfoliation and characterization of layered silicate minerals: a review. Surface Review and Letters 2014; 21(2):1430001.
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- Kabeb S.M., Hassan A., Mohamad Z., Sharer Z., Mokhtar M., Ahmad F. Exploring the effects of nanofillers of epoxy nanocomposite coating for sustainable corrosion protection. Chemical Engineering Transactions 2019; 72: 121-126.
- Kaur G., Adhikari R., Cass P., Bown M., Gunatillake P. Electrically conductive polymers and composites for biomedical applications. RSC Adv. 2015; 5: 37553-37567.
- Khostavan S., Fazli M., Ghorbanzadeh Ahangari M., Rostamiyan Y. The Effect of Interaction between Nanofillers and Epoxy on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Nanocomposites: Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Analysis. Advances in Polymer Technology 2019; 2019: Article ID 8156718, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8156718.
- Li Jiantong, Zhang Guangcheng, Zhang Hongming, Fan Xun, Zhou Lisheng, Shang Zhengyang, Shi Xuetao. Electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding of epoxy nanocomposite foams containing functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes, Applied Surface Science 2018; 428: 7–16.
- Luo Jianlin, Li Hui, Xian Guijun. Electrically Conductive Nanocomposite Coating for Strain and Health Monitoring. CICE 2010 - The 5th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering 2010, September 27-29, Beijing.
- Merachtsaki D., Xidas P., Giannakoudakis P., Triantafyllidis K., Spathis P. Corrosion Protection of Steel by Epoxy-Organoclay Nanocomposite Coatings. Coatings 2017; 7: 84.
- Morgan A.B. and Gilman J.W. Characterization of Polymer-Layered Silicate (Clay) Nanocomposites by Transmission Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction: A Comparative Study. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2003; 87: 1329–1338.
- Mostafaei A. and Nasirpouri F. Preparation and characterization of a novel conducting nanocomposite blended with epoxy coating for antifouling and antibacterial applications. J. Coat. Technol. Res. 2013; 10(5): 679–694.
- Muralishwara K., Achutha Kini U., Sharma S. Epoxy-clay nanocomposite coatings: a review on synthesis and characterization. Mater. Res. Express 2019; 6: 082007.
- Paul D.R. and Robeson L.M. Polymer nanotechnology: Nanocomposites. Polymer 2008; 49: 3187–3204.
- Piazza D., Lorandi N.P., Pasqual C. I., Scienza L.C., Zattera A.J. Influence of a microcomposite and a nanocomposite on the properties of an epoxy-based powder coating. Materials Science and Engineering A 2011; 528: 6769–6775.
- Rezwan K., Chen Q.Z., Blaker J.J., Boccaccini A.R. Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2006; 27(18): 3413.
- Suarez-Martinez P.C., Robinson J., An H., Nahas R.C., Cinoman D., Lutkenhaus J.L. Polymer-clay nanocomposite coatings as efficient, environment friendly surface pretreatments for aluminum alloy 2024-T3. Electrochimica Acta 2018; 260: 73-81.
- Tjong S.C. Structural and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. Materials Science and Engineering R 2006; 53: 73–197.
- Tomić M.D., Dunjić B., Likić V., Bajat J., Rogan J., Djonlagić J. The use of nanoclay in preparation of epoxy anticorrosive coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 2014; 77: 518–527.
- Ur Rehman M.A., Ferraris S., Goldmann W.H., Perero S., Bastan F.E., Nawaz Q., Confiengo G.G.D., Ferraris M., Boccaccini A.R. Antibacterial and Bioactive Coatings Based on Radio Frequency Co-Sputtering of Silver Nanocluster-Silica Coatings on PEEK/Bioactive Glass Layers Obtained by Electrophoretic Deposition. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017; 9: 32489−32497.
- Vaia R.A., Liu W., Koener H. Analysis of Small-Angle Scattering of Suspensions of Organically Modified Montmorillonite: Implications to Phase Behavior of Polymer Nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics 2003; 41: 3214–3236.
- Van Olphen H. An introduction to clay colloid chemistry. New York: Interscience; 1963.
- Vovchenko L., Perets Yu, Ovsienko I., Matzui L., Oliynyk V., Launetz V. Shielding coatings based on carbon–polymer composites. Surface & Coatings Technology 2012; 211: 196–199.
- Yebassa D., Balakrishnan S., Feresenbet E., Raghavan D., Start P.R., Hudson S.D. Chemically Functionalized Clay Vinyl Ester Nanocomposites: Effect of Processing Parameters. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 2004; 42(6): 1310– 1321.
- Azeez A.A., Rhee K.Y., Park S.J., Hui D. Epoxy clay nanocomposites–processing, properties and applications: a review. Composites Part B: Engineering 2013; 45: 308–320.
- Besra L. and Liu M. A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Progress in Materials Science 2007; 52: 1–61.
- Bhattacharyya A. and Joshi M. Functional properties of microwave‐absorbent nanocomposite coatings based on thermoplastic polyurethane‐based and hybrid carbon‐based nanofillers. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2012; 23: 975–983.
- Boccaccini A.R., Keim S., Ma R., Li Y., Zhitomirsky I. Electrophoretic deposition of biomaterials. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010; 7(Suppl. 5): S581.
- Chen S., Zhu J., Zhou T., He B., Huang W., Wang B. Preparation and Properties Study of Polyaniline Conductive Anti-Fouling Coatings. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2012; 7: 8170–8184.
- Conradi M., Kocijan A., Zorko Mand Verpoest I. Damage resistance and anticorrosion properties of nanosilica-filled epoxy-resin composite coatings, Prog. Org. Coat. 2015; 80:20–6.
- Cury Camargo P.H., Gundappa Satyanarayana K., Wypych F. Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and New Application Opportunities. Materials Research 2009; 12(1): 1-39.
- De Riccardis M.F., Martina V., Carbone D., Re M., Pesce E., Terzi R., Bozzini B. Incorporation of montmorillonite in epoxy to obtain a protective layer prepared by electrophoretic deposition. Materials Chemistry and Physics 2011; 125(1–2): 271-276.
- De Riccardis M.F., in Ceramic Coatings - Applications in Engineering, 2012, Feng Shi, Editor: 43, Intech Open doi: 10.5772/29435.
- Fiorini Baldissera A., Leite de Miranda K., Bressy C., Martin C., Margaillan A., Ferreira C.A. Using Conducting Polymers as Active Agents for Marine Antifouling Paints. Materials Research 2015; 18(6): 1129-1139.
- Fratoddi I., Venditti I., Cametti C., Russo M. V. Chemiresistive polyaniline-based gas sensors: A mini review. Sensors and Actuators B 2015; 220: 534–548.
- Frigione M., and Lettieri M. Recent Advances and Trends of Nanofilled/Nanostructured Epoxies. Materials 2020; 13(15), 3415. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153415.
- Giannelis E. P., Krishnamoorti R., Manias E. Polymer-Silicate Nanocomposites: Model Systems for Confined Polymers and Polymer Brushes. Advances in Polymer Science 1999; 138: 107-147.
- Grim, R.H., Clay Mineralogy, McGraw-Hill, 1953.
- Guadagno L., De Vivo B., Di Bartolomeo A., Lamberti P., Sorrentino A., Tucci V., Vertuccio L., Vittori V. Effect of functionalization on the thermo-mechanical and electrical behaviour of multi-wall carbon nanotube/epoxy composites. Carbon 2011; 49(6): 1919-1930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.01.017.
- Hang T.T.X., Truc, T.A., Olivier, M-G., Vandermiers, C., Guérit, N., Pébère, N. Corrosion protection of carbon steel by an epoxy resin containing organically modified clay. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2007; 201: 7408–7415.
- Jia F. and Song S. Exfoliation and characterization of layered silicate minerals: a review. Surface Review and Letters 2014; 21(2):1430001.
- Jia Zi-Rui, Gao Zhen-Guo, Lan Di, Cheng Yong-Hong, Wu Guang-Lei, Wu Hong-Jing. Effects of filler loading and surface modification on electrical and thermal properties of epoxy/montmorillonite composite. Chin. Phys. B 2018; 27(11): 117806.
- Kabeb S.M., Hassan A., Mohamad Z., Sharer Z., Mokhtar M., Ahmad F. Exploring the effects of nanofillers of epoxy nanocomposite coating for sustainable corrosion protection. Chemical Engineering Transactions 2019; 72: 121-126.
- Kaur G., Adhikari R., Cass P., Bown M., Gunatillake P. Electrically conductive polymers and composites for biomedical applications. RSC Adv. 2015; 5: 37553-37567.
- Khostavan S., Fazli M., Ghorbanzadeh Ahangari M., Rostamiyan Y. The Effect of Interaction between Nanofillers and Epoxy on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Nanocomposites: Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Analysis. Advances in Polymer Technology 2019; 2019: Article ID 8156718, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8156718.
- Li Jiantong, Zhang Guangcheng, Zhang Hongming, Fan Xun, Zhou Lisheng, Shang Zhengyang, Shi Xuetao. Electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding of epoxy nanocomposite foams containing functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes, Applied Surface Science 2018; 428: 7–16.
- Luo Jianlin, Li Hui, Xian Guijun. Electrically Conductive Nanocomposite Coating for Strain and Health Monitoring. CICE 2010 - The 5th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering 2010, September 27-29, Beijing.
- Merachtsaki D., Xidas P., Giannakoudakis P., Triantafyllidis K., Spathis P. Corrosion Protection of Steel by Epoxy-Organoclay Nanocomposite Coatings. Coatings 2017; 7: 84.
- Morgan A.B. and Gilman J.W. Characterization of Polymer-Layered Silicate (Clay) Nanocomposites by Transmission Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction: A Comparative Study. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2003; 87: 1329–1338.
- Mostafaei A. and Nasirpouri F. Preparation and characterization of a novel conducting nanocomposite blended with epoxy coating for antifouling and antibacterial applications. J. Coat. Technol. Res. 2013; 10(5): 679–694.
- Muralishwara K., Achutha Kini U., Sharma S. Epoxy-clay nanocomposite coatings: a review on synthesis and characterization. Mater. Res. Express 2019; 6: 082007.
- Paul D.R. and Robeson L.M. Polymer nanotechnology: Nanocomposites. Polymer 2008; 49: 3187–3204.
- Piazza D., Lorandi N.P., Pasqual C. I., Scienza L.C., Zattera A.J. Influence of a microcomposite and a nanocomposite on the properties of an epoxy-based powder coating. Materials Science and Engineering A 2011; 528: 6769–6775.
- Rezwan K., Chen Q.Z., Blaker J.J., Boccaccini A.R. Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2006; 27(18): 3413.
- Suarez-Martinez P.C., Robinson J., An H., Nahas R.C., Cinoman D., Lutkenhaus J.L. Polymer-clay nanocomposite coatings as efficient, environment friendly surface pretreatments for aluminum alloy 2024-T3. Electrochimica Acta 2018; 260: 73-81.
- Tjong S.C. Structural and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. Materials Science and Engineering R 2006; 53: 73–197.
- Tomić M.D., Dunjić B., Likić V., Bajat J., Rogan J., Djonlagić J. The use of nanoclay in preparation of epoxy anticorrosive coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 2014; 77: 518–527.
- Ur Rehman M.A., Ferraris S., Goldmann W.H., Perero S., Bastan F.E., Nawaz Q., Confiengo G.G.D., Ferraris M., Boccaccini A.R. Antibacterial and Bioactive Coatings Based on Radio Frequency Co-Sputtering of Silver Nanocluster-Silica Coatings on PEEK/Bioactive Glass Layers Obtained by Electrophoretic Deposition. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017; 9: 32489−32497.
- Vaia R.A., Liu W., Koener H. Analysis of Small-Angle Scattering of Suspensions of Organically Modified Montmorillonite: Implications to Phase Behavior of Polymer Nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics 2003; 41: 3214–3236.
- Van Olphen H. An introduction to clay colloid chemistry. New York: Interscience; 1963.
- Vovchenko L., Perets Yu, Ovsienko I., Matzui L., Oliynyk V., Launetz V. Shielding coatings based on carbon–polymer composites. Surface & Coatings Technology 2012; 211: 196–199.
- Yebassa D., Balakrishnan S., Feresenbet E., Raghavan D., Start P.R., Hudson S.D. Chemically Functionalized Clay Vinyl Ester Nanocomposites: Effect of Processing Parameters. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 2004; 42(6): 1310– 1321.
Re, M., De Riccardis, M. F., Martina, V., Pesce, E., & Carbone, D. (2021). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization of MMT-Epoxy nanocomposite coatings obtained by electrophoretic deposition process. Microscopie, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/microscopie.2020.9682
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