Parameters optimization for focused ion beam fabrication of phase electron holograms
Accepted: 26 February 2016
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Phase plate electron holograms allow the information of a wavefunction to be encoded onto a physical substrate (i.e. a Si3N4 membrane) and recovered in a transmission electron microscope in diffraction mode. One widespread means of fabrication of phase holograms is focused ion beam, however, fabrication parameters have to be carefully chosen in order to obtain the aimed results. In this work, we present the focused ion beam fabrication of phase holograms encoding an Ince-Gaussian beam, and investigate their characteristics with varying fabrication parameters.
Bandres MA, Gutiérrez-Vega JC. Ince-Gaussian beams. Optics Letters 2004;29(2):144-6.
Bliokh KY, Bliokh YP, Savel’ev S, Nori F. Semiclassical dynamics of electron wave packet states with phase vortices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007;99:190404.
Bolduc E, Bent N, Santamato E, Karimi E, Boyd RW. Exact solution to simultaneous intensity and phase encryption with a single phase-only hologram. Optics Letters 2013;38(18):3546-9.
Cowley JM. Twenty forms of electron holography. Ultramicroscopy 1992;41:335-48.
Davis JA, Cottrell DM, Campos J, Yzuel MJ, Moreno I. Encoding amplitude information onto phase-only filters. Appl. Optics 1999;38(23):5004-13.
Egerton RF. Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the electron microscope. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2011.
Gabor D. A new microscopic principle. Nature 1948;161:777-8.
Gabor D. Microscopy by reconstructed wave-fronts. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 1949;197:475.
Gabor D. Microscopy by reconstructed wave fronts: II. Proc. Phys. Soc. B 1951;64:244.
Gabor D. Theory of electron interference experiments. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1956;28(3):260.
Grillo V, Rotunno E. STEM_CELL: A software tool for electron microscopy: part I - simulations. Ultramicroscopy 2013;125:97-111.
Grillo V, Gazzadi GC, Karimi E, Mafakheri E, Boyd RW, Frabboni S. Highly efficient electron vortex beams generated by nanofabricated phase holograms. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014;104:043109.
Grillo V, Pierce JS, Karimi E, Harvey TR, Balboni R, Gazzadi GC, et al. Structured electron beam illumination: a new control over the electron probe weird probes and new experiments. Microsc. Microanal. 2015;21(S3):25.
Grillo V, Karimi E, Balboni R, Gazzadi GC, Venturi F, Frabboni S, et al. Electron holograms encoding amplitude and phase for the generation of arbitrary wavefunctions. Microsc. Microanal. 2015;21(S3):503.
Harris J, Grillo V, Mafakheri E, Gazzadi GC, Frabboni S, Boyd RW, et al. Structured quantum waves. Nature Physics 2015;11(8):629-34.
Ishitani T, Ohnishi T. Modeling of sputtering and redeposition in focused‐ion‐beam trench milling. J. of Vacuum Science & Technology A 991;9:3084.
Lesem LB, Hirsch PM, Jordan JA. Computer synthesis of holograms for 3-D display. Jr. Commun. (ACM) 1968;11:661-74.
Lesem LB, Hirsch PM, Jordan JA. The kinοform: a new wavefront reconstruction device. IBM Jr. of Research and Development 1969;13:150-5.
Mollenstedt G, Duker H. Beobachtungen und messungen an biprisma-interferenzen mit elektronenwellen. Z. Phys. 1956;145:377-9. German.
Pozzi G. Microscopia e olografia con elettroni. 1st ed. Bologna: Bononia University Press; 2013. Italian.
Sampsell JB, inventor; Texas instruments Inc., assignee. Spatial light modulator. United States patent US 4954789. 1990 Sep 4.
Uchida M, Tonomura A. Generation of electron beams carrying orbital angular momentum. Nature 2010;464:737-9.
Verbeeck J, Tian H, Van Tendeloo G. How to manipulate nanoparticles with an electron beam?. Advanced Materials 2013;22(8):1114-7.
Williams DB, Carter CB. Transmission electron Microscopy. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 2009.
Supporting Agencies
Stefano Frabboni, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Vincenzo Grillo, CNR-NANO S3, Roberto Balboni, CNR-IMMPAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
An Open Access Publication is one that meets the following two conditions:
- the author(s) and copyright holder(s) grant(s) to all users a free, irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual right of access to, and a license to copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship, as well as the right to make small numbers of printed copies for their personal use.
- a complete version of the work and all supplemental materials, including a copy of the permission as stated above, in a suitable standard electronic format is deposited immediately upon initial publication in at least one online repository that is supported by an academic institution, scholarly society, government agency, or other well-established organization that seeks to enable open access, unrestricted distribution, interoperability, and long-term archiving.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.