https://doi.org/10.4081/jbr.2021.9765
GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activity of the Sea cucumber (Muelleria lecanora) extract
Submitted: March 19, 2021
Accepted: August 21, 2021
Published: August 25, 2021
Accepted: August 21, 2021
Abstract Views: 1734
PDF: 519
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Sea cucumbers are marine invertebrates commonly found in benthic areas and deep seas. On a global scale, they have a high commercial value with an increased level of production and trade. This study aims to analyze the bioactive compound in Sea cucumber (Muelleria lecanora) using the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Method (UAE) and Gas Chromatography- MassSpectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, it identifies the antibacterial activityin microorganisms Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The bioactive compounds were extracted using methanol, acetone, and n-hexane solvent and were separated by ultrasound-assisted extraction. In the initial stage, phytochemicals were screened using Gas Chromatography-MassSpectrometry (GC-MS). Disc diffusion method was then used to determine theantibacterial activity against Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The results showed that methanol extract is more suitable for extracting bioactive compounds of Muelleria lecanora than acetone and n-hexane. Meanwhile, acetone solvents are more suitable for the production of flavonoid and steroid compounds than Mulleria lecanora samples. Heneicosane compounds that function as a new antiproliferative for inhibition of tumor and cancerous cells are produced from n-hexane. The antibacterial activity of acetone, methanol and n-hexane extract determined by diffusion assay was effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella but ineffective against Escherichia coli. GC-MS results showed that the major constituents obtained were steroid and flavanoid. From this study, Sea cucumber extract can be considered a healthy nutrientin food and pharmaceutical products.
Zhong Y, Khan MA, Shahidi F. Compositional characteristics and antioxidant properties of fresh and processed sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa). J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:1188–92.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf063085h
Wang T, Sun Y, Jin L, et al. Aj-rel and Aj-p105, two evolutionary conserved NF-κB homologues in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) and their involvement in LPS induced immunity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013;34:17-22.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.09.006
Lee HW, Lim NL, Cho K, et al. Characterisation of inorganic elements and volatile organic compounds in the dried sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus. Food Chem 2014;147:34-41.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.110
Chen J. Present status and prospects of sea cucumber industry in China. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2004.
Mills D, Duy NDQ, Juinio-Menez M a, et al. Overview of sea cucumber aquaculture and sea-ranching research in the South-East Asian region. Proceedings of an international symposium held in Noumea, New Caledonia, 15–17 February 2011. ACIAR Proceedings No. 136. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra.
Wen J, Hu C, Fan S. Chemical composition and nutritional quality of sea cucumbers. J Sci Food Agric 2010;90:2469–74.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4108
Li C, Haug T, Styrvold OB, et al. Strongylocins, novel antimicrobial peptides from the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Dev Comp Immunol 2008;32:1430–40.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2008.06.013
Mohammadizadeh F, Ehsanpor M, Afkhami M, et al. Antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic effects of a sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota, from the north coast of the Persian Gulf. J Mar Biol Assoc United Kingdom 2013;93:1401-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315412001889
Mohammadizadeh F, Ehsanpor M, Afkhami M, et al. Evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic effects of Holothuria scabra from the North Coast of the Persian Gulf. J Mycol Med 2013;23:225-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2013.08.002
Jiang J, Zhou Z, Dong Y, et al. Invitro antibacterial analysis of phenoloxidase reaction products from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014;39:458–63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.002
Darya M, Sajjadi MM, Yousefzadi M, et al. Antifouling and antibacterial activities of bioactive extracts from different organs of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota. Helgol Mar Res 2020;74:4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s10152-020-0536-8
Pangestuti R, Arifin Z. Medicinal and health benefit effects of functional sea cucumbers. J Tradit Complement Med 2018;8:341–51.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.06.007
Liao N, Zhong J, Ye X, et al. Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of polysaccharide from Corbicula fluminea: Characterization and antioxidant activity. Food Sci Technol Campinas 2020;40:36-45.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.29518
Muhammad DRA, Praseptiangga D, Van de Walle D, Dewettinck K. Interaction between natural antioxidants derived from cinnamon and cocoa in binary and complex mixtures. Food Chem 2017;231:356–64.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.128
Misra NN, Martynenko A, Chemat F, et al. Thermodynamics, transport phenomena, and electrochemistry of external field-assisted nonthermal food technologies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018;58:1832-63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1287660
Yusuf M, Fitriani Nur UA, Rifai A. In vitro antibacterial activity and potential applications in food of sea urchin (Diadema setosum) from Cape of Palette, South Sulawesi. Food Res 2020;4:2139–46.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(6).275
Afifi R, Abdel-Nabi IM, El-Shaikh K. Antibacterial activity from soft corals of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. J Taibah Univ Sci 2016;10:887-95.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2016.03.006
Chandra R, Dwivedi V, Shivam K, Jha AK. Detection of antimicrobial activity of Oscimum sanctum (Tulsi) & trigonella foenum graecum (Methi) against some selected bacterial & fungal strains. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2011;2:809–13.
Yusuf M, Atthamid NFU, Indriati S, Saleh R, Latief M, Rifai A. Optimization ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compound and antibacterial potential from sea urchin (diadema setosum). Curr Res Nutr Food Sci 2020;8:556–69.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.8.2.22
Hameed IH, Hussein HJ, Kareem MA, Hamad NS. Identification of five newly described bioactive chemical compounds in Methanolic extract of Mentha viridis by using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). J Pharmacogn Phyther 2015;7:107–25.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2015.0349
Suluvoy JK, Berlin Grace VM. Phytochemical profile and free radical nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity of Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit extract. 3 Biotech 2017;6:1–11.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0678-9
Yusuf M, Fitriani Nur UA, Mahyati L, Imran M. Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of sea cucumber (Muelleria lecanora) from Barrang Lompo Islands, Makassar South Sulawesi. Food Res 2020;4:1885–95.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(6).187
Abubakar M, Majinda R. GC-MS Analysis and preliminary antimicrobial activity of Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach) and Pterocarpus angolensis (DC). Medicines 2016;3:1–9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3010003
Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilani AH. Moringa oleifera: A food plant with multiple medicinal uses. Phyther Res 2007;21:17–25.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2023
Yi T, Li SM, Fan JY, et al. Comparative analysis of EPA and DHA in fish oil nutritional capsules by GC-MS. Lipids Health Dis 2014;13:190.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-13-190
Dehpour AA, Yousefian M, Jafary Kelarijani SA, et al. Antibacterial activity and composition of essential oils of flower allium rotundum. Adv Environ Biol 2012;6:1020–5.
Henry Wright M, Jean Arnold MS, Aldosary H, et al. Bioactive constituents of Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell: A pharmacognistic approach towards the prevention and treatment of yersiniosis. Pharmacogn Commun 2016;6:152–63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5530/pc.2016.3.5
Singh A, Palariya D, Dhami A, et al. Biological activities and Phytochemical analysis of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. leaves and bark extracts collected from Kumaun region, Uttarakhand, India. J Med Herbs Ethnomedicine 2020;6:1–10.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25081/jmhe.2020.v6.5754
Putra MY, Hadi TA. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antiplasmodial activities of three sponges from Buton Islands, Indonesia. Indones J Mar Sci 2017;22:147–54.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.22.3.147-154
Manjamalai A, Alexander T, Berlin Grace VM. Bioactive evaluation of the essential oil of plectranthus amboinicus by GC-MS analysis and its role as a drug for microbial infections and inflammation. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2012;4:205–11.
Ávila FN, Pinto FCL, Carneiro PBM, et al. New antiproliferative polyunsaturated epoxy-heneicosane derivatives isolated from the brown alga lobophora variegata. J Braz Chem Soc 2019;3:406–12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20180190
Uraku AJ. GC/MS determination of bioactive constituents of methanol fraction of Spilanthes uliginosa (SW) leaves. Res J Med Plant 2016;10:42–54.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2016.42.54
Han H, Yi YH, Li L, et al. Triterpene glycosides from sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota. Chin J Nat Med 2009;7:346–50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1009.2009.00346
Silchenko AS, Avilov SA, Kalinin VI, et al. Constituents of the sea cucumber Cucumaria okhotensis. Structures of okhotosides B1-B3 and cytotoxic activities of some glycosides from this species. J Nat Prod 2008;71:351–6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/np0705413
Abedi E, Sahari MA. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid sources and evaluation of their nutritional and functional properties. Food Sci Nutr 2014;2:443–46.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.121
Zhou JK, Zheng YZ, Liu XS, et al. ROR1 expression as a biomarker for predicting prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017;8:32864–72.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.15860
Murray M, Hraiki A, Bebawy M, et al. Anti-tumor activities of lipids and lipid analogues and their development as potential anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2015;150:109‐28.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.008
Lee ES, Son DS, Kim SH, et al. Prediction of recurrence-free survival in postoperative non-small cell lung cancer patients by using an integrated model of clinical information and gene expression. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:7397–404.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4937
Sharma A, Gupta S, Sarethy IP, et al. Green tea extract: Possible mechanism and antibacterial activity on skin pathogens. Food Chem 2012;135:672-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.143
How to Cite
Yusuf, M., & Usdyana Attahmid, N. F. (2021). GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activity of the Sea cucumber (<em>Muelleria lecanora</em>) extract. Journal of Biological Research - Bollettino Della Società Italiana Di Biologia Sperimentale, 94(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/jbr.2021.9765
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.