https://doi.org/10.4081/hls.2023.11733
Bay leaf decoction water and low-impact aerobic exercise impact on blood cholesterol levels
Submitted: 9 September 2023
Accepted: 6 October 2023
Published: 10 October 2023
Accepted: 6 October 2023
Abstract Views: 1643
PDF: 399
HTML: 11
HTML: 11
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Hypercholesterolemia is a global health concern, including in Indonesia, potentially leading to coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke if left untreated. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of bay leaf decoction and low-impact aerobic exercise on reducing blood cholesterol levels in patients. Used a quasi-experimental design with 120 participants, randomly assigned to two groups, the first group consumed bay leaf decoction (100 ml, twice daily for 7 days), while the second group underwent low-impact aerobic exercise (3 times a week for 7 days). Blood cholesterol levels were measured, and paired t-tests were employed for statistical analysis. Results revealed that both interventions significantly lowered cholesterol levels after 7 days (p<0.001 for bay leaf decoction and p=0.001 for low-impact aerobics). The bay leaf decoction group achieved the highest reduction at 25.3 mg/dl. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of bay leaf decoction and low-impact aerobic exercise as non-pharmacological approaches to manage blood cholesterol levels. It reinforces the notion that these interventions can be valuable in addressing hypercholesterolemia.
Simonen P, Öörni K, Sinisalo J, et al. High cholesterol absorption: A risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases? Atherosclerosis 2023;376:53–62.
Doi T, Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG. Dual elevated remnant cholesterol and C-reactive protein in myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Atherosclerosis 2023;379.
Nindya TS, Mahmudiono T, Rachmah Q. The estimation of cholesterol intake in elderly: Reliability and validity of short, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). J Nutrition Health 2021;54:95–103.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2021.54.1.95
Kalanjati VP, Oktariza RT, Suwito BE, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors and anthropometry features among seemingly healthy young adults. Int J Publ Health Sci 2021;10:77–82.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v10i1.20554
Hidayat A, Suwondo A, Pujiastuti RrSE, Setiadi R, Mulyani RI. Effect of Sweet Basil Extract (Ocimum Basilicum l) on Lipid Profile of Hyperlipidaemia Mice (Mus Musculus). Int Me J 2021;28:69–72.
Jazayeri MA, Emert MP. Sudden Cardiac Death: Who Is at Risk? Med Clinics North Am 2019;103:913–30.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2019.04.006
Doi T, Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG. Dual elevated remnant cholesterol and C-reactive protein in myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Atherosclerosis 2023;379.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.06.912
Cesare M Di, Bixby H, Gaziano T, Hadeed L, Kabudula C, McGhie DV, et al. World Heart Report 2023: Confronting the World’s Number One Killer. Geneva, Switzerland; 2023.
Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;76:2982–3021.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Laporan Riskesdas 2018 [basic health research report 2018]. Laporan Nasional Riskesdas, 2018.
Padoli P, Suwito J, Hariyanto T. Self Affirmation Reduces the Anxiety, LDH and Troponin I in the Clients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Jurnal Ners 2019;14:310–5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/jn.v14i3.17170
Bosch J, Lonn EM, Jung H, et al. Lowering cholesterol, blood pressure, or both to prevent cardiovascular events: Results of 8.7 years of follow-up of Heart Outcomes Evaluation Prevention (HOPE)-3 study participants. Eur Heart J 2021;42:2995–3007.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab225
Kalimantan Timur DK. Penyakit Tidak Menular atau Degeneratif Provinsi Kaltim Tahun 2019-2022. 2022.
Hidayat A, Suwondo A, Pujiastuti RrSE, Setiadi R, Mulyani RI. Effect of Sweet Basil Extract (Ocimum Basilicum l) on Lipid Profile of Hyperlipidaemia Mice (Mus Musculus). Int Med J 2021;28(1):69–72.
Simonen P, Öörni K, Sinisalo J, et al. High cholesterol absorption: A risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases? Atherosclerosis 2023;376:53–62.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.06.003
Mohamed-Yassin MS, Baharudin N, Daher AM, et al. High prevalence of dyslipidaemia subtypes and their associated personal and clinical attributes in Malaysian adults: the REDISCOVER study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021;21.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-01956-0
Adi AC, Tawakal AI, Rasyidi MF, et al. Effect of cocoa husk Criollo tea on hypercholesterolemia in animal model. Foods Raw Mat 2023;11:206–14.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2023-2-567
WHO. World health statistics 2023: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. 2023.
Andrianto, Puspitasari M, Ardiana M, et al. Association between single nucleotide polymorphism SLCO1B1 gene and simvastatin pleiotropic effects measured through flow-mediated dilation endothelial function parameters. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2022;16.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17539447221132367
Widada W, Ontoseno T, Purwanto B, et al. The effect of the blood cupping therapy on high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) in hypercholesterol patients. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol 2020;14:3556–62.
Pirillo A, Catapano AL. Pitavastatin and HDL: Effects on plasma levels and function(s). Atheroscler Suppl 2017;27:e1–9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.001
Asiah ASS, Norhayati MN, Muhammad J, Muhamad R. Effect of yoga on anthropometry, quality of life, and lipid profile in patients with obesity and central obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2023;76:102959.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2023.102959
Antunes BM, Rossi FE, Oyama LM, et al. Exercise intensity and physical fitness modulate lipoproteins profile during acute aerobic exercise session. Sci Rep 2020;10:4160.
Antunes BM, Rosa-Neto JC, Batatinha HAP, et al. Physical fitness status modulates the inflammatory proteins in peripheral blood and circulating monocytes: role of PPAR-gamma. Sci Rep 2020;10:14094.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70731-6
Pan B, Ge L, Xun Y qin, et al. Exercise training modalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Behavioral Nutrition Physical Activity 2018;15:72.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0703-3
Kuete V. Other Health Benefits of African Medicinal Spices and Vegetables. In: Kuete VBTMS and V from A, editor. Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa: Therapeutic Potential Against Metabolic, Inflammatory, Infectious and Systemic Diseases. Academic Press; 2017. p. 329–49.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809286-6.00013-3
Batool S, Khera RA, Hanif MA, Ayub MA. Bay Leaf. In: Hanif MA, Nawaz H, Khan MM, Byrne HJBTMP of SA, editors. Medicinal Plants of South Asia: Novel sources for drug discovery. Elsevier; 2020. p. 63–74.
Aditya R, Santoso B, Widjiati W. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. bioactive compounds in polycystic ovary syndrome: An in silico study. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 2022;10:725–36.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres22.1408_10.4.725
Susyani, Zurio A, Terato. The Bay Leaves Tea Can Decrease Cholesterol Levels Of Patients With Cardiovascular Disease. World J Adv Healthc Res 2020;4:173–7.
Batool S, Khera RA, Hanif MA, Ayub MA. Bay Leaf. In: Medicinal Plants of South Asia: Novel Sources for Drug Discovery. Elsevier; 2019. p. 63–74.
Batool S, Khera RA, Hanif MA, Ayub MA. Bay Leaf. In: Hanif MA, Nawaz H, Khan MM, Byrne HJBTMP of SA, editors. Medicinal Plants of South Asia: Novel sources for drug discovery. Elsevier; 2020. p. 63–74.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102659-5.00005-7
Liu X, He M, Gan X, et al. The effects of six weeks of fasted aerobic exercise on body shape and blood biochemical index in overweight and obese young adult males. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023;21:95–103.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2022.11.003
Karami H, Dehnou VV, Nazari A, Gahreman D. Regular training has a greater effect on aerobic capacity, fasting blood glucose and blood lipids in obese adolescent males compared to irregular training. J Exerc Sci Fit 2021;19:98–103.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2020.11.003
Babaei Bonab S, Parvaneh M. Effect of 12-week of aerobic exercise on hormones and lipid profile status in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome: A study during COVID-19. Sci Sports 2023;38:565–73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2022.11.001
Costa RR, Buttelli ACK, Fagundes A de O, Fonseca GA, Pilla C, Barreto MF, et al. The beneficial effects of a water-based aerobic exercise session on the blood lipids of women with dyslipidemia are independent of their training status. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020;75:e1183.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2020/e1183
Ghamarchehreh ME, Shamsoddini A, Alavian SM. Investigating the impact of eight weeks of aerobic and resistance training on blood lipid profile in elderly with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench 2019;12:190–6.
Emilia E. Efektivitas Pemberian Rebusan Daun Salam Terhadap Kolesterol Total Dengan Hiperkolesterolemia Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Desa Gedang Kota Sungai Penuh Provinsi Jambi Tahun 2022. Jurnal Multidisiplin Dehasen (MUDE). 2023 May;2(2 SE-Ilmu Kesehatan).
Hartanti L, Yonas SMK, Mustamu JJ, et al. Influence of extraction methods of bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) on antioxidant and HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitory activity. Heliyon 2019;5:e01485.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01485
Laka K, Makgoo L, Mbita Z. Cholesterol-Lowering Phytochemicals: Targeting the Mevalonate Pathway for Anticancer Interventions. Front Genet 2022;13:841639.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.841639
Mubarak S, Kinanti RG, Raharjo S. Pengaruh Senam Aerobik Intensitas Ringan Dan Sedang Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total Pada Perempuan Obes Di Kota Batu [The Effects of Light and Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Total Cholesterol Levels in Obese Women in the City of Batu]. J Sport Sci 2019;9(1).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17977/um057v9i1p9-20
Yol Y, Turgay F, Yigittürk O, et al. The effects of regular aerobic exercise training on blood nitric oxide levels and oxidized LDL and the role of eNOS intron 4a/b polymorphism. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease 2020;1866:165913.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165913
Antunes BM, Rossi FE, Oyama LM, et al. Exercise intensity and physical fitness modulate lipoproteins profile during acute aerobic exercise session. Sci Rep 2020;10:4160.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61039-6
Hwang CL, Lim J, Yoo JK, et al. Effect of all-extremity high-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training on aerobic fitness in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol 2019;116:46–53.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2018.12.013
Fraccari-Pires N, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Gambassi BB, et al. Cardiovascular Autonomic Responses to Aerobic, Resistance and Combined Exercises in Resistance Hypertensive Patients. de Athayde Costa e Silva A, editor. Biomed Res Int 2022;2022:8202610.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8202610
Chiu YH, Tsai SC, Lin CS, et al. Effects of a 12-week walking intervention on circulating lipid profiles and adipokines in normal weight and abdominal obese female college students. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023;21:253–9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2023.04.001
How to Cite
Ismansyah, I., Hidayat, A., & Ernawati, R. (2023). Bay leaf decoction water and low-impact aerobic exercise impact on blood cholesterol levels. Healthcare in Low-Resource Settings, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/hls.2023.11733
Copyright (c) 2023 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.