https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2021.9062
Algal blooms of Alexandrium spp. and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning toxicity events in mussels farmed in Sicily
Accepted: 25 September 2020
HTML: 48
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Marine biotoxins can accumulate in filter-feeders bivalve molluscs, that may represent a source of potential health problems being vectors of toxins, that are transferred to humans through their consumption. Harmful Algal Blooms impact on aquaculture may give also economic losses due to temporary closures of contaminated shellfish harvest and marketing. The presence of toxic algae for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), with recurrent toxic blooms of dinoflagellates, such as several Alexandrium species, been known since 2000 in the waters of an Ionian bay of Sicily, the Syracuse harbour, where shellfish farms are located. Our previous works reported in this area the positivity for PSP toxin in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) with saxitoxin concentrations above the limit of the law and the simultaneous presence of toxic species of the genus Alexandrium in the waters. This work reports new recent episodes of algal blooms of Alexandrium minutum in the waters of the Syracuse harbour and PSP toxin contamination in farmed mussels, with values beyond the limits established by law, with the consequent immediate closure of the production area. PSP toxicity was detected with the MBA (Mouse Bioassay) with the confirm carried out with Lawrence method to quantify the total saxitoxin equivalents and characterize the toxic profile. Regular application of the implemented health plan is very important in order to prevent any risk and protect consumer health.
Anderson D, Glibert P, Burkholder J, 2002. Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition and consequences. Estuaries 25:704-26
Anderson DM, Alpermann TJ, Cembella AD, Collos Y, Masseret E, Montresor M, 2012. The globally distributed genus Alexandrium: Multifaceted roles in marine ecosystems and impacts on human health. Harmful Algae 14:10–35
Anderson D, 2014. HABs in a changing world: a perspective on harmful algal blooms, their impacts, and research and management in a dynamic era of climactic and environmental change. Harmful Algae 2012 (2012): 3–17.
AOAC Official Method 959.08, 2005 Paralytic Shellfish Poison Biological Method Chapter 49: 80-82
AOAC, 2005. Officinal methods of analysis. 18th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists ed., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Balech E, 1995. The genus Alexandrium Halim (Dinoflagellata). Sherkin Island: Sherkin Island Marine Station, pp. 151.
Batoréu MCC, Dias E, Pereira P, Franca S, 2005. Risk of human exposure to paralytic toxins of algal origin. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 19:401–406
Bazzoni AM, Mudadu AG, Lorenzoni G, Arras I, Lugliè A, Barbara V, Cicotelli V, Sanna G, Tedde G, Ledda S, Alesso E, Marongiu E, Virgilio S, 2016. Occurrence of harmful algal species and shellfish toxicity in Sardinia (Italy) Ital J Food Safety 5:194-199
Bazzoni AM, Cangini M, Mudadu AG, Lorenzoni G, Arras I, Sanna G, Pino F, Milandri A, Virgilio S. 2020. Recent findings of paralytic shellfish toxin linked to genus Alexandrium Halim in Mediterranean mollusc production areas. Toxicon 174: 48-56
BS EN ISO 15204:2006. Water quality. Guidance standard on the enumeration of phytoplankton using inverted microscopy (Utermoehl technique)
Ciminiello P, Dell'Aversano C, Forino M, Tartaglione L, 2014. Marine Toxins in Italy: The More You Look, the More You Find. Eur J Org Chem 7: 1357-1369
Costa A, Di Noto AM ,Russo Alesi EM, Alio V , Milandri A, Pompei M , Poletti R, Giacobbe MG, Caracappa S, 2007. Presenza di biotossine algali del tipo PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poison) in mitili allevati nel porto grande di Siracusa, Sicilia (Article in Italian) In: Proceedings of the LXI Convegno Nazionale SISVeT Salsomaggiore Terme 26-29 September 2007: 375-376
Dell'Aversano C, Tartaglione L, Polito G, Dean K, Giacobbe M, Casabianca S, Capellacci S, Penna A, Turner AD, 2019. First detection of tetrodotoxin and high levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish from Sicily (Italy) by three different analytical methods. Chemosphere. Jan; 215:881-892
EFSA Scientific Opinion saxitoxins The EFSA Journal (2009) 1019, 1-76
European Commission, 2004. Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for on the hygiene of foodstuffs, 853/2004/EC. In: Official Journal, L 139, 30/04/2004.
Fritz L, Triemer RE, 1985. A rapid simple technique utilizing calcofluor white M2R for the visualization of dinoflagellate thecal plates. J Phycol 21: 662–664
Giacobbe MG, Maso M, Milandri A, Penna A, Poletti R, 2006 Plankton toxicity and shellfish contamination by phycotoxins in a new Mediterranean locality In: Henshilwood K., Deegan B., McMahon T., Cusack C., Keaveney S., Silke J., O’ Cinneide M., Lyons D., Hess P. (eds), Molluscan Shellfish Safety. Marine Institute Pubblication, Galway: 206-214
Giacobbe MG, Costa A, Cangemi E, Penna A, Borzì S, Rabito A, 2012. Blooms of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium in a Ionian bay hosting shellfish aquaculture: risks for PSP toxicity. In: Proceedings of the AQUA 2012 Prague 1-5 September 2012: 1229
Giacobbe MG, Costa A, Gangemi E, Penna A, Casabianca S, Borzì S, Riccardi E, Milandri A, 2014. Occurrence and toxicity of the PSP-Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella in an Ionian bay of Sicily. Biol Mar Mediterr 21 (1): 119-120
Honsell G, Poletti R, Pompei M, Sidari L, Milandri A, Casadei C, Viviani R, 1996. Alexandrium minutum Halim and PSP contamination in northern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). In: Yasomoto T, Oshima T, Fukuyo Y (Eds) Harmful and Toxic Algae. IOC of UNESCO: 77-80
Lorenzoni G, Arras I, Sanna G, Delogu P, Mudadu A, Piras A, Mura A, Marongiu E, Virgilio S, 2013. Paralytic shellfish poison algal biotoxins: Sardinia report 2002-2011 and non-compliance management. Ital J Food Safety 2:104-8.
Masó M. Garcés E, 2006. Harmful microalgae blooms (HAB): Problematic and conditions that induce them. Mar Pollut Bull 53, 620–630.
Milandri A, Cangini M, Costa A, Giacobbe MG, Poletti R, Pompei M, Riccardi E, Rubini S, Virgilio S, Pigozzi S, 2008. Caratterizzazione delle tossine PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) in mitili raccolti in differenti aree marine italiane (Article in Italian) Biol Mar Mediterr 15(1), 38-41
Milandri A, Ceredi A, Poletti R, Pompei M, Pigozzi S, Riccardi E, Rubini S, Scordella G, Bresolin R, Virgilio S, Tedde T, Lorenzoni G, Mancuso R, Peruzzu T, Soro B, Costa A, Giacobbe MG, 2010. Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from italian coasts.
In: Proceedings of the Aquaculture Europe Porto, 5-8 October 2010: 1014-1015
Vila M, Giacobbe MG, Masó M, Gangemi E, Penna A, Sampedro N, Azzaro F, Camp J, Galluzzi L, 2005. A comparative study on recurrent blooms of Alexandrium minutum in two Mediterranean harbours. Harmful Algae 4: 673-695
How to Cite
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.