The effectiveness of community-led total sanitation cadre intervention in improving stunting knowledge and behavior

Submitted: 15 September 2024
Accepted: 7 November 2024
Published: 10 December 2024
Abstract Views: 45
PDF: 23
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Authors

The prevalence of stunting remains high in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Poor sanitation is a significant risk factor for stunting, and community-based interventions such as Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) show promise in addressing this issue. Despite the government’s multi-sectoral and integrated approach, encompassing both specific and sensitive nutrition interventions, the problem of stunting persists. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of cadre-led interventions in improving community knowledge and behavior related to CLTS as a means of stunting prevention. A quasi-experimental, non-randomized design was used, with proportional stratified random sampling applied to a population of 332, resulting in a sample size of 182 individuals. Data collection was conducted from July to September 2023. The intervention involved CLTS cadres delivering counseling and triggering activities to mothers of stunted children. Knowledge and behavior regarding the five pillars of CLTS were measured as the dependent variables using a CLTS questionnaire with a scoring system. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0, specifically employing the independent-sample t-test with a significance threshold of p<0.05. Results indicated a significant increase in knowledge across the five pillars of CLTS (p=0.000), as well as a significant improvement in behavior concerning handwashing with soap, drinking water, food management, and household wastewater management (p=0.000). The findings suggest that cadres play an effective role in enhancing community knowledge and behavior regarding CLTS, contributing to stunting prevention efforts.

Dimensions

Altmetric

PlumX Metrics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Citations

Namiiro FB, Batte A, Rujumba J, et al. Nutritional status of young children born with low birthweight in a low resource setting: an observational study. BMC Pediatr 2023;23:1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04356-9
UNICEF. WHO Low Birth Weight. 2019.
Subramanian S V, Karlsson O, Kim R. Revisiting the stunting metric for monitoring and evaluating nutrition policies. Lancet Glob Heal. 2022;10:e179–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00504-0
Wolf J, Hubbard S, Brauer M, et al. Effectiveness of interventions to improve drinking water, sanitation, and handwashing with soap on risk of diarrhoeal disease in children in low-income and middle-income settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2022;400:48–59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00937-0
WHO. Levels and trends in child malnutrition: UNICEF/WHO/The World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates: key findings of the 2021 edition. 2021.
Heidkamp RA, Piwoz E, Gillespie S, et al. Mobilising evidence, data, and resources to achieve global maternal and child undernutrition targets and the Sustainable Development Goals: an agenda for action. Lancet 2021;397:1400–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00568-7
Nutrition D of, Health and Development W. Growth velocity based on weight, length and head circumference. 2009. 2 p.
Taqwin T, Ramadhan K, Hadriani H, et al. Prevalence of stunting among 10-year old children in Indonesia. J Glob Pharma Technol 2020;12:768–75.
Organization WH. Malnutrition. 2021.
UNICEF/WHO. Levels and trends in child malnutrition. 2023.
Helmiyati. Getting to Know Detection, Impact, and Prevention of Stunting. 2022. Available from: https://pkgm.fk.ugm.ac.id/en/2022/04/05/getting-to-know-detection-impact-and-prevention-of-stunting/.
Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengan. Profil kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah 2023.
Mudadu Silva JR, Vieira LL, Murta Abreu AR, et al. Water, sanitation, and hygiene vulnerability in child stunting in developing countries: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Public Health 2023;219:117–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2023.03.024
WHO, UNICEF U. Tanoto Foundation and UNICEF continue partnership to reduce stunting prevalence in Indonesia. 2022.
Walker SP, Chang SM, Wright A, et al. Early Childhood Stunting Is Associated with Lower Developmental Levels in the Subsequent Generation of Children. J Nutr 2015;145:823–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.200261
Hoddinott J, Alderman H, Behrman JR, et al. The economic rationale for investing in stunting reduction. Matern Child Nutr 2013;9:69–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12080
Vollmer S, Harttgen K, Subramanyam MA, et al. Association between economic growth and early childhood undernutrition: evidence from 121 Demographic and Health Surveys from 36 low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Glob Heal 2014;2:e225–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70025-7
Maulina R, Qomaruddin MB, Prasetyo B, et al. The Effect of Stunting on the Cognitive Development in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Stud Ethno-Medicine 2023;17:19–27.
Crookston BT, Penny ME, Alder SC, et al. Children Who Recover from Early Stunting and Children Who Are Not Stunted Demonstrate Similar Levels of Cognition. J Nutr 2010;140:1996–2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.118927
Galasso E, Wagstaff A. The aggregate income losses from childhood stunting and the returns to a nutrition intervention aimed at reducing stunting. Econ Hum Biol 2019;34:225–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2019.01.010
World Bank. Reducing Childhood Stunting with a New Adaptive Approach. 2018.
Emanuela Galassoa AW. The Aggregate Income Losses from Childhood Stunting and the Returns to a Nutrition Intervention Aimed at Reducing Stunting. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8536
Mustakim MRD, Irwanto, Irawan R, et al. Impact of Stunting on Development of Children between 1-3 Years of Age. Ethiop J Health Sci 2022;32:569–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v32i3.13
Bogale TY, Bala ET, Tadesse M, Asamoah BO. Prevalence and associated factors for stunting among 6-12 years old school age children from rural community of Humbo district, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2018;18:1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5561-z
Reese H, Routray P, Torondel B, et al. Assessing longer-term effectiveness of a combined household-level piped water and sanitation intervention on child diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection, soil-transmitted helminth infection and nutritional status: A matched cohort study in rural Odisha, . Int J Epidemiol 2019;48:1757–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz157
Cumming O, Cairncross S. Can water, sanitation and hygiene help eliminate stunting? Current evidence and policy implications. Matern Child Nutr 2016;12:91–105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12258
Mediani HS, Hendrawati S, Pahria T, et al. Factors Affecting the Knowledge and Motivation of Health Cadres in Stunting Prevention Among Children in Indonesia. J Multidiscip Healthc 2022;15:1069–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S356736
Bushen G, Merga H, Tessema F. Effects of community-led total sanitation and hygiene implementation on diarrheal diseases prevention in children less than five years of age in South Western Ethiopia: A quasi-experimental study. PLoS One 2022;17:1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265804
Amaliyah E, Mulyati M. Effectiveness of Health Education and Nutrition Rehabilitation Toward Community Empowerment for Children Aged Less Than 5 Years with Stunting: A Quasi-Experimental Design. J Ners 2020;15:173–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/jn.v15i2.19494
Rachmawati PD, Triharini M, Suciningtyas PD. The contribution of family functions, knowledge and attitudes in children under five with stunting. Enferm Clin 2021;31:S296–300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.12.035
Fadilah M, Novita E, Roflin E, et al. Analysis Of The Relationship Between Implementation Of Stbm Program And Reduction Of Stunting’s Risk Factors In Children Under Two Years Old In Palembang. Adv Soc Sci Res J 2020;7:395–407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.712.9330
Kusumawardani DA, Irawan R, Purnomo W. Child health care practices and stunting in children aged 12-36 months in jember regency of Indonesia. Indian J Public Heal Res Dev 2019;10:1363–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.02086.2
Cronin-Golomb LM, Bauer PJ. Self-motivated and directed learning across the lifespan. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023;232:103816. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103816
Andrade EL, Bingenheimer JB, Edberg MC, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of a community-based hygiene promotion program in a rural Salvadoran setting. Glob Health Promot 2019;26:69–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975917695072
Zenbaba D, Sahiledengle B, Nugusu F, et al. Food hygiene practices and determinants among food handlers in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Health 2022;50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-022-00423-6
Has EMM, Krisnana I, Efendi F. Enhancing Maternal Caregiving Capabilities Model to Prevent Childhood Stunting: A UNICEF-Inspired Model. SAGE Open Nurs 2024;10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608231226061
Malolo R, Kumwenda S, Chidziwisano K, et al. Social outcomes of a community-based water, sanitation and hygiene intervention. J Water, Sanit Hyg Dev 2021;11:483–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.264
Paul B, Jean Simon D, Kiragu A, et al. Socio-economic and demographic factors influencing open defecation in Haiti: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2022;22:2156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14619-2
Mulaw GF, Adem OS, Belachew AB. Determinants of Stunting among Children Aged 6-23 Months of Age in Pastoral Community, Afar Region, Ethiopia: Unmatched Case-Control Study. Int J Child Heal Nutr 2020;9:191–201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2020.09.04.6
Devanarayana NM, Rajindrajith S. Bowel Habits and Behaviors Related to Defecation in 10- to 16-year-olds: Impact of Socioeconomic Characteristics and Emotional Stress. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011;52:569–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181fd082b
Ntaro M, Owokuhaisa J, Isunju JB, et al. Contextual and psychological factors influencing open defecation free status: an exploratory qualitative study in rural South Western Uganda. BMC Public Health 2022;22:414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12759-z
Bauza V, Majorin F, Routray P, et al. Child feces management practices and fecal contamination: A cross-sectional study in rural Odisha, India. Sci Total Environ 2020;709:136169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136169
Bhatt N, Budhathoki SS, Lucero-Prisno DEI, et al. What motivates open defecation? A qualitative study from a rural setting in Nepal. Pradhan PMS, editor. PLoS One 2019;14:e0219246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219246
Roy A, Rahaman M, Bannerji R, et al. Spatial clustering and drivers of open defecation practice in India: Findings from the fifth round of National Family Health Survey (2019-21). Glob Transitions 2023;5:55–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glt.2023.05.002
O’Connell K. What Influences Open Defecation and Latrine Ownership in Rural Households?: Findings from a Global Review. 2014.
Siswati T, Susilo J, Kusnanto H, Waris L. Risk Factors of Mild and Severe Stunting Children in Rural and Urban Areas in Indonesia. Iran J Public Health 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i1.8316
Putri DUP, Mahmudiono T, Indriani D, Lisatriana B. The relationship between the competence and performance of family planning instructors in family assistance at risk of stunting in Lampung province. J Public Health Africa 2023;14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2023.2544
Caruso BA, Sclar GD, Routray P, et al. Effect of a low-cost, behaviour-change intervention on latrine use and safe disposal of child faeces in rural Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Planet Heal 2022;6:e110–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00324-7
Xu L, Ling M, Lu Y, Shen M. Understanding Household Waste Separation Behaviour: Testing the Roles of Moral, Past Experience, and Perceived Policy Effectiveness within the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Sustainabilit 2017;9:625. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040625
Mamady K. Factors Influencing Attitude, Safety Behavior, and Knowledge regarding Household Waste Management in Guinea: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Environ Public Health 2016;2016:1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9305768
Humphrey JH, Mbuya MNN, Ntozini R, et al. Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Heal 2019;7:e132–47.
Zheng J, Ma G, Wei J, et al. Evolutionary process of household waste separation behavior based on social networks. Resour Conserv Recyc 2020;161:105009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105009
Odagiri M, Thomas A, Listyasari M, et al. Safely managed on-site sanitation: A national assessment of sanitation services and potential fecal exposure in Indonesia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158204
Lange SL, Senekane MF, Naicker N. Understanding the Socio-Demographic Profile of Waste Re-Users in a Suburban Setting in South Africa. Resources 2022;11:45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11050045
Swami V, Chamorro-Premuzic T, Snelgar R, Furnham A. Personality, individual differences, and demographic antecedents of self-reported household waste management behaviours. J Environ Psychol 2011;31:21–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.08.001
Malika NM, Barbagelatta G, Penny M, et al. Impact of Housing and Infrastructure on handwashing in Peru. Int Health 2021;13:615–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaa008
Ray S, Zaman F, Laskar N. Hand washing practices in two communities of two states of Eastern India: An intervention study. Indian J Public Health 2010;54:126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-557X.75734
MacLeod C, Braun L, Caruso BA, et al. Recommendations for hand hygiene in community settings: a scoping review of current international guidelines. BMJ Open 2023;13:e068887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068887
Sitotaw B, Melkie E, Temesgen D. Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality of Drinking Water in Wegeda Town, Northwest Ethiopia. J Environ Public Health 2021;2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6646269
United Nation. UN Water. 2017.
Aghalari Z, Dahms HU, Sillanpää M, et al. Effectiveness of wastewater treatment systems in removing microbial agents: a systematic review. Global Health 2020;16:13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-0546-y

How to Cite

Syam, D. M., & Bungawati, A. (2024). The effectiveness of community-led total sanitation cadre intervention in improving stunting knowledge and behavior. Healthcare in Low-Resource Settings. https://doi.org/10.4081/hls.2024.13109