https://doi.org/10.4081/hls.2024.11896
The effect of mindful eating on dietary behaviour and fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Submitted: 1 October 2023
Accepted: 23 January 2024
Published: 23 February 2024
Accepted: 23 January 2024
Abstract Views: 635
PDF: 238
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Diet plays a pivotal role in the comprehensive therapy for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, contributing significantly to maintaining stable glycemic control. Mindful Eating, as an intervention, focuses on enhancing dietary behavior by directing attention, thoughts, and feelings towards eating activities. This study aimed to investigate the impact of mindful eating on dietary behavior and fasting blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Employing a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design, the study included a sample of 63 participants (selected through convenience sampling). Data collection utilized the Personal Diabetes Questionnaire (PDQ) and a glucometer. Statistical analysis involved Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, and Independent T-tests. The findings revealed that mindful eating exercises had a significant influence on dietary behavior (p = 0.025) and fasting blood glucose levels (p = 0.033). The practice of mindful eating led to notable improvements in dietary behavior and ensured controlled fasting blood glucose levels by the study's conclusion. Incorporating mindful eating exercises into eating patterns is recommended as a crucial aspect of diabetes management, aiming to enhance dietary behavior and sustain stable glycemic control.
Karingga DD, Efendi F, Indarwati R, Bushy A. Effect of mobile structured educational applications on self-care management in diabetes mellitus patients[Efecto de las aplicaciones educativas estructuradas móviles en el manejo del autocuidado en pacientes con diabetes mellitus]. Gac Med Caracas 2023;131:278–86.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47307/GMC.2023.131.2.3
World Health Organization. Global Report on Diabetes. WHO Press. 2016.
García-Pérez LE, Álvarez M, Dilla T, et al. Adherence to therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther 2013;4:175–94.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-013-0034-y
Ponzo V, Rosato R, Tarsia E, et al. Self-reported adherence to diet and preferences towards type of meal plan in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A cross-sectional study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017;27:642–50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2017.05.007
Miller CK, Kristeller JL, Headings A, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of a Mindful Eating Intervention to a Diabetes Self-Management Intervention among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012;112:1835–42.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2012.07.036
Hariyono H, Fatoni I, Malatuzzulfa NI, et al. Effect of Family Support on Diet Compliance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Based on Human Caring Theory. Res Mil 2022;12:312–20.
Estuningsih Y, Rochmah TN, Andriani M, Mahmudiono T. Effect of self-regulated learning for improving dietary management and quality of life in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus at Dr. Ramelan Naval Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Kesmas 2019;14:51–7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v14i2.2257
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Facilitating Behavior Change and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care 2022;45:S60–82.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S005
Mboi N, Syailendrawati R, Ostroff SM, Elyazar IR, Glenn SD, Rachmawati T, et al. The state of health in Indonesia’s provinces, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Glob Heal 2022;10:e1632–45.
IDF. IDF Diabetes Atlas: 10th edition. International Diabetes Federation. 2021.
Soria-Contreras DC, Bell RC, McCargar LJ, Chan CB. Feasibility and Efficacy of Menu Planning Combined with Individual Counselling to Improve Health Outcomes and Dietary Adherence in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study. Can J Diabetes 2014;38:320–5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2014.03.009
Cheng L, Leung DYP, Sit JWH, et al. Factors associated with diet barriers in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Patient Prefer Adherence 2016;10:37–44.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S94275
Herbozo S, Flynn PM, Stevens SD, Betancourt H. Dietary Adherence, Glycemic Control, and Psychological Factors Associated with Binge Eating Among Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Chileans with Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Behav Med 2015;22:792–8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-015-9478-y
Sleath B, Carpenter DM, Blalock SJ, et al. Development of a new diabetes medication self-efficacy scale and its association with both reported problems in using diabetes medications and self-reported adherence. Patient Prefer Adherence 2016;10:1003.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S101349
Susilo H, Alsagaff MY, Pikir BS, et al. Type II Diabetes as the Main Risk Factor of Arterial Stiffness in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. In: 6th International Conference on Medical and Health Informatics, ICMHI 2022. Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia: Association for Computing Machinery; 2022. p. 210–4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3545729.3545771
Tak SR, Hendrieckx C, Nefs G, et al. The association between types of eating behaviour and dispositional mindfulness in adults with diabetes. Results from Diabetes MILES. The Netherlands. Appetite 2015;87:288–95.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.01.006
Hendrickson KL, Rasmussen EB. Effects of mindful eating training on delay and probability discounting for food and money in obese and healthy-weight individuals. Behav Res Ther 2013;51:399–409.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.04.002
Alberts HJEM, Thewissen R, Raes L. Dealing with problematic eating behaviour. The effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on eating behaviour, food cravings, dichotomous thinking and body image concern. Appetite 2012;58:847–51.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.009
Pavitasari A, Farapti F, Rachmah Q, Kalpana CA. Fiber Intake and Vegan Lifestyle Behaviour on Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Case-Control Study. Curr Diabetes Rev 2023;19:108–14.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399819666220810164637
Setiyorini E, Qomaruddin MB, Wibisono S, et al. Complementary and alternative medicine for glycemic control of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. J Public Health Res 2022;11:22799036221106582.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/22799036221106582
Miller CK, Kristeller JL, Headings A, Nagaraja H. Comparison of a Mindful Eating Intervention to a Diabetes Self-Management Intervention Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Health Educ Behav 2014;41:145.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198113493092
Ghawadra SF, Lim Abdullah K, Choo WY, Danaee M, Phang CK. The effect of mindfulness-based training on stress, anxiety, depression and job satisfaction among ward nurses: A randomized control trial. J Nurs Manag 2020;28:1088–97.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13049
Jordan CH, Wang W, Donatoni L, Meier BP. Mindful eating: Trait and state mindfulness predict healthier eating behavior. Pers Individ Dif 2014;68:107–11.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.013
Arch JJ, Brown KW, Goodman RJ, et al. Enjoying food without caloric cost: The impact of brief mindfulness on laboratory eating outcomes. Behav Res Ther 2016;79:23–34.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.02.002
Dahlan MS. Statistik untuk kedokteran dan kesehatan seri 1 edisi 6. Jakarta: Epidemiologi Indonesia; 2014.
Stetson B, Schlundt D, Rothschild C, et al. Development and validation of The Personal Diabetes Questionnaire (PDQ): A measure of diabetes self-care behaviors, perceptions and barriers. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011;91:321–32.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2010.12.002
Mar’ah Has EM, Aulia A, Kusumaningrum T, Efendi F. Ethnic foods diet program improve self-efficacy and diet compliance among type 2 diabetic patients. J Ners 2019;14:155–60.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/jn.v14i2.16642
Forman EM, Shaw JA, Goldstein SP, et al. Mindful decision making and inhibitory control training as complementary means to decrease snack consumption. Appetite 2016;103:176–83.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.014
Mantzios M, Wilson JC lar. Mindfulness, Eating Behaviours, and Obesity: A Review and Reflection on Current Findings. Curr Obes Rep 2015;4:141–6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-014-0131-x
Kassahun T, Gesesew H, Mwanri L, Eshetie T. Diabetes related knowledge, self-care behaviours and adherence to medications among diabetic patients in Southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Endocr Disord 2016;16:28.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-016-0114-x
Herath HMM, Weerasinghe NP, Dias H, Weerarathna TP. Knowledge, attitude and practice related to diabetes mellitus among the general public in Galle district in Southern Sri Lanka: a pilot study. BMC Public Health 2017;17:1–7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4459-5
Chamhuri NH, Tohit NM, Azzeri A, et al. Age and fasting blood sugar levels are associated factors for mindful eating among Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients during COVID-19 pandemic confinement. PLoS One 2022;17:1–11.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274327
Albers S. Eat, drink, and be mindful: how to end your struggle with mindless eating and start savoring food with intention and joy. A New Harbinger self-help workbook. New Harbinger Publications 2008; 192 p.
Warren JM, Smith N, Ashwell M. A structured literature review on the role of mindfulness, mindful eating and intuitive eating in changing eating behaviours: effectiveness and associated potential mechanisms. Nutr Res Rev 2017;30:272–83.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422417000154
Mason AE, Epel ES, Kristeller J, et al. Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on mindful eating, sweets consumption, and fasting glucose levels in obese adults: data from the SHINE randomized controlled trial. J Behav Med 2016;39:201.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-015-9692-8
Schnepper R, Richard A, Wilhelm FH, Blechert J. A combined mindfulness-prolonged chewing intervention reduces body weight, food craving, and emotional eating. J Consult Clin Psychol 2019;87:106–11.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000361
Sylvi H, Kusnanto K, Ilya K. Mindfulness-based on Eating Improving Dietetic Measure Outcomes: Systematic Review. In: The 9th International Nursing Conference 2018. 2018. p. 670–9.
Rohmawati R, Wijayanti L, Sari RY, et al. Mindfulness eating based on spiritual interventions on diet compliance and blood sugar levels in type 2 DM patients. Bali Med J 2023;12:1948–52.
Miller CK. Mindful eating with diabetes. Diabetes Spectr 2017;30:89–94.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/ds16-0039
Ketema EB, Kibret KT. Correlation of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose with HbA1c in assessing glycemic control; systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Public Heal 2015;73:1–9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-015-0088-6
Forouhi NG, Misra A, Mohan V, et al. Dietary and nutritional approaches for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. BMJ 2018;361.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2234
Kang HM, Kim DJ. Total Energy Intake May Be More Associated with Glycemic Control Compared to Each Proportion of Macronutrients in the Korean Diabetic Population. Diabetes Metab J 2012;36:300.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.4.300
Ha NT, Phuong NT, Ha LTT. How dietary intake of type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients affects their fasting blood glucose levels? AIMS Public Heal 2019;6:424.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2019.4.424
Sukchaisong N, Pichayapinyo P, Lagampan S, et al. Effectiveness of the Mindfulness-Based Diabetes Self-and Family Management Support Program among Adults with Uncontrolled Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pacific Rim Int J Nurs Res 2022;26:517–32.
How to Cite
Andriani, R., Kamila, A., Putri, R. A., Fadhillah, A., Helmi, S., & Septiani, D. (2024). The effect of mindful eating on dietary behaviour and fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Healthcare in Low-Resource Settings, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.4081/hls.2024.11896
Copyright (c) 2024 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.