The antiviral properties of edible medicinal plants: potential remedies against coronaviruses

Submitted: 24 January 2023
Accepted: 7 June 2023
Published: 19 June 2023
Abstract Views: 754
PDF: 311
Supplementary Materials: 26
HTML: 28
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Authors

SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is an unparalleled challenge for the international community. Subsequently, an extraordinary effort has been made to contain SARS-CoV-2. However, this has been largely limited to behavioral changes and vaccination. To make the containment strategies effective, behavioral changes and vaccination need to be complemented with alternative prevention methods and curative treatments. This work reports the antiviral properties of some of the commonly known edible medicinal plants that can be used as potential remedies to suppress coronaviruses. A growing body of evidence substantiates that edible medicinal plants with antiviral properties that have been proven effective against sibling coronaviruses likely contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2, and they may also suppress the fatality of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). The secondary metabolites found in herbal medicines do not cause pathogens to develop drug resistance, which is a common problem in conventional medicines. The use of edible medicinal plants is much safer and causes less panic, thereby avoiding the fear associated with the use of herbal medicines. Right dosages and mixtures of edible medicinal plants need to be rigorously investigated to circumvent unanticipated side effects and chronic health risks.

Dimensions

Altmetric

PlumX Metrics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Citations

Desta TT. Lifestyles and living standard disparities in the pandemicity of COVID-19 in the Global North versus the Global South Countries. Geriatr Care 2020;6:9025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/gc.2020.9025
Desta TT, Mulugeta T. Living with COVID-19-triggered pseudoscience and conspiracies. Int J Public Health 2020;65:713-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01412-4
Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 2020;395:565-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, et al. COVID-19 infection: Emergence, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res 2020;24:91-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005
Rabi FA, Al Zoubi MS, Kasasbeh GA, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus disease 2019: what we know so far. Pathog 2020;9:231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030231
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim US guidance for risk assessment and public health management of healthcare personnel with potential exposure in a healthcare setting to patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Accessed 7 July 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/guidance-risk-assesment-hcp.html
Ang L, Lee HW, Choi JY, et al. Herbal medicine and pattern identification for treating COVID-19: a rapid review of guidelines. Integr Med Res 2020;9:100407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2020.100407
Eaton LA, Kalichman SC. Social and behavioral health responses to COVID-19: lessons learned from four decades of an HIV pandemic. J Behav Med 2020;43:341-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-020-00157-y
Singer BD. COVID-19 and the next influenza season. Sci Adv 2020;6:eabd0086. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0086
Worldometers. COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Accessed: 26 April 2023. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Luca F, Perry GH, Di Rienzo A. Evolutionary adaptations to dietary changes. Annu Rev Nutr 2010;30:291-314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141048
Hill DA, Artis D. Intestinal bacteria and the regulation of immune cell homeostasis. Annu Rev Immunol 2009;28:623-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101330
Yasmin AR, Chia SL, Looi QH, et al. Herbal extracts as antiviral agents. Feed Additives 2020:115–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814700-9.00007-8
Lab of Systems Pharmacology. TCMSP Version: 2.3. CancerHSP Version: 1.3. PreDC Version: 1.0. 2012. Accessed on 23 July 2020. Available from: https://www.tcmspw.com/browse.php?qc=herbs
Xu HY, Zhang YQ, Liu ZM, et al. ETCM: an encyclopaedia of traditional Chinese medicine. Nucleic Acids Res 2019;47:D976-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky987
Wu Y, Zhang F, Yang K, et al. SymMap: an integrative database of traditional Chinese medicine enhanced by symptom mapping. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;47: D1110-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1021
Ganjhu RK, Mudgal PP, Maity H, et al. Herbal plants and plant preparations as remedial approach for viral diseases. VirusDisease 2015;26:225-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-015-0276-6
Zhang DH, Wu KL, Zhang X, et al. In silico screening of Chinese herbal medicines with the potential to directly inhibit 2019 novel coronavirus. J Integr Med 2020;18:152-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2020.02.005
Choi JG, Kim YS, Kim JH, Chung HS. Antiviral activity of ethanol extract of Geranii Herba and its components against influenza viruses via neuraminidase inhibition. Sci Rep 2019;9:1-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48430-8
Brown ED, Wright GD. Antibacterial drug discovery in the resistance era. Nature 2016;529:336-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17042
Eng YS, Lee CH, Lee WC, et al. Unraveling the molecular mechanism of traditional chinese medicine: formulas against acute airway viral infections as examples. Molecules 2019;24:3505. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193505
Keyaerts E, Vijgen L, Pannecouque C, et al. Plant lectins are potent inhibitors of coronaviruses by interfering with two targets in the viral replication cycle. Antiviral Res 2007;75:179-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.03.003
Khaerunnisa S, Kurniawan H, Awaluddin R, et al. Potential inhibitor of COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) from several medicinal plant compounds by molecular docking study. Preprints 2020;2020:2020030226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0226.v1
Thuy BT, My TT, Hai NT, et al. Investigation into SARS-CoV-2 resistance of compounds in garlic essential oil. ACS Omega 2020;5:8312-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00772
Chen L, Li J, Luo C, et al. Binding interaction of quercetin-3-β-galactoside and its synthetic derivatives with SARS-CoV 3CLpro: Structure–activity relationship studies reveal salient pharmacophore features. Bioorg Med Chem 2006;14:8295-306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.014
Rathinavel T, Palanisamy M, Palanisamy S, et al. Phytochemical 6-Gingerol–A promising Drug of choice for COVID-19. Int J Adv Sci Eng 2020;6:1482-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29294/IJASE.6.4.2020.1482-1489
Tallei TE, Tumilaar SG, Niode NJ, et al. Potential of plant bioactive compounds as SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M ) and spike (S) glycoprotein inhibitors: a molecular docking study. Scientifica 2020;2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0102.v1
Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, et al. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun 2020;11:1620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9
Rahman MT. Potential benefits of combination of Nigella sativa and Zn supplements to treat COVID-19. J Herb Med 2020;23:100382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100382
Bouchentouf S, Missoum N. Identification of Compounds from Nigella Sativa as New Potential Inhibitors of 2019 Novel Coronasvirus (Covid-19): Molecular Docking Study. Accessed on 26/01/2023. Available from: https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202004.0079/v1
Wen CC, Kuo YH, Jan JT, et al. Specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Med Chem 2007;50:4087-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jm070295s
Zhuang M, Jiang H, Suzuki Y, et al. Procyanidins and butanol extract of Cinnamomi Cortex inhibit SARS-CoV infection. Antiviral Res 2009;82:73-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.02.001
Kuzuhara T, Iwai Y, Takahashi H, et al. Green tea catechins inhibit the endonuclease activity of influenza A virus RNA polymerase. PLoS Curr 2009;1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.RRN1052
Qamar MTU, Alqahtani SM, Alamri MA, Chen LL. Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and anti-COVID-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants. J Pharm Anal 2020;10:313-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.009
Roh C. A facile inhibitor screening of SARS coronavirus N protein using nanoparticle-based RNA oligonucleotide. Int J Nanomedicine 2012:2173-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S31379
Lung J, Lin YS, Yang YH, et al. The potential chemical structure of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase. J Med Virol 2020;92:693-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25761
Chen CN, Lin CP, Huang KK, et al. Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3C-like protease activity by theaflavin-3, 3'-digallate (TF3). Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2005;2:209-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neh081
Lin CW, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, et al. Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds. Antiviral Res 2005;68:36-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.002
Adem S, Eyupoglu V, Sarfraz I, et al. Identification of potent COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors from natural polyphenols: an in silico strategy unveils a hope against CORONA. Accessed on 26/1/2023. Available from: https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202003.0333/v1
Jo S, Kim S, Shin DH, Kim MS. Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL protease by flavonoids. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020;35:145-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2019.1690480
Ho TY, Wu SL, Chen JC, et al. Emodin blocks the SARS coronavirus spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 interaction. Antiviral Res 2007;74:92-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.014
Abouelela ME, Assaf HK, Abdelhamid RA, et al. Identification of Potential SARSCoV-2 Main Protease and Spike Protein Inhibitors from the Genus Aloe: An In Silico Study for Drug Development. Molecules 2021;26:1767. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061767
Cheng L, Zheng W, Li M, et al. Citrus fruits are rich in flavonoids for immunoregulation and potential targeting ACE2. Accessed on 26/1/2023. Available from: https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202002.0313/v1
Chen F, Chan KH, Jiang Y, et al. In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds. J Clin Virol 2004;31:69-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2004.03.003
Ahmad A, Rehman MU, Alkharfy KM. An alternative approach to minimize the risk of coronavirus (Covid-19) and similar infections. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020;24:4030-4.
Gupta PD, Birdi TJ. Development of botanicals to combat antibiotic resistance. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2017;8:266-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.05.004
Anand U, Jacobo-Herrera N, Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N. A comprehensive review on medicinal plants as antimicrobial therapeutics: potential avenues of biocompatible drug discovery. Metabolites 2019;9:258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9110258
World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Medicinal plants in the South Pacific: information on 102 commonly used medicinal plants in the South Pacific. 1998. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/207584
Fuzimoto AD, Isidoro C. The antiviral and coronavirus-host protein pathways inhibiting properties of herbs and natural compounds-Additional weapons in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic? J Tradit Complement Med 2020;10:405-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.05.003
Huang F, Li Y, Leung EL, et al. A review of therapeutic agents and Chinese herbal medicines against SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19). Pharmacol Res 2020;158:104929. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104929
Tuasha N, Petros B, Asfaw Z. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers to treat malignancies and other human ailments in Dalle District, Sidama Zone, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine 2018;14:1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0213-z

How to Cite

Desta, T. T., Jemal, K., Sitotaw, R., Lemessa, D., Maryo, M., Teka, A., & Mulugeta, T. (2023). The antiviral properties of edible medicinal plants: potential remedies against coronaviruses. Healthcare in Low-Resource Settings, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/hls.2023.11205