COVID-19 management in Iran and international sanctions

Submitted: 5 August 2022
Accepted: 16 August 2022
Published: 5 October 2022
Abstract Views: 10122
PDF: 8815
HTML: 26
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Authors

Iran has one of the highest death rates from COVID-19 among Middle Eastern countries. In addition to having a better disease registration system compared to neighboring countries, many factors including economic conditions, have played an important role in increasing the number of mortality rate. This is while that during the Corona pandemic, Iran has been undergo severe sanctions by the United States, that has faced this country with a severe economic crisis. Considering the role of sanction on the country's health management in our study, we examined Iran's management plans against the Corona pandemic and the effect of sanctions on it. Quarantine and corona restrictions, on the one hand, and international sanctions, on the other hand, have put double pressure on the Iranian government. Although drugs and basic medical equipment are exempted from economic sanctions, direct and indirect effects of the sanctions have limited Iran's banking system and created widespread restrictions in the fields of trade, production, and investment. Fortunately, despite the sanctions, many hospitals had an appropriate performance in line with the health promotion program. It is obvious that economic sanctions have severe and harmful effects on public health and have led to poor health consequences in Iran, but attention to planning, standards and improving the quality of the hospital is an important issue in Corona management. Despite multiple mutations, this virus is likely to face with a more dangerous virus in the world future. Now, it is time to take appropriate management measures to remove these sanctions by relying on international solutions and interactions.

Dimensions

Altmetric

PlumX Metrics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Citations

Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol. 2020 Apr;92(4):401-402. Epub 2020 Feb 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25678
Ghafari M, Kadivar A, Katzourakis A. Excess deaths associated with the Iranian COVID-19 epidemic: A province-level analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Jun;107:101-115. Epub 2021 Apr 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.015
Raoofi A, Takian A, Akbari Sari A, Olyaeemanesh A, Haghighi H, Aarabi M. COVID-19 Pandemic and Comparative Health Policy Learning in Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2020 Apr 1;23(4):220-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34172/aim.2020.02
Arab-Mazar Z, Sah R, Rabaan AA, Dhama K, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Mapping the incidence of the COVID-19 hotspot in Iran - Implications for Travellers. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Mar-Apr;34:101630. Epub 2020 Mar 14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101630
Organization WH. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 73. 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331686
Nikpajouh A, Ahadi MS. Adverse Impact of Sanctions on Control of COVID-19 Epidemic in Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2020 Sep 1;23(9):649-650. doi: 10.34172/aim.2020.80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34172/aim.2020.80
Danaei G, Harirchi I, Sajadi HS, Yahyaei F, Majdzadeh R. The harsh effects of sanctions on Iranian health. Lancet. 2019 Aug 10;394(10197):468-469. Epub 2019 Aug 8. Erratum in: Lancet. 2019 Sep 7;394(10201):830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31763-5
Danaei G, Farzadfar F, Kelishadi R, Rashidian A, Rouhani OM, Ahmadnia S, Ahmadvand A, Arabi M, Ardalan A, Arhami M, Azizi MH, Bahadori M, Baumgartner J, Beheshtian A, Djalalinia S, Doshmangir L, Haghdoost AA, Haghshenas R, Hosseinpoor AR, Islami F, Kamangar F, Khalili D, Madani K, Masoumi-Asl H, Mazyaki A, Mirchi A, Moradi E, Nayernouri T, Niemeier D, Omidvari AH, Peykari N, Pishgar F, Qorbani M, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Tehrani FR, Rezaei N, Shahraz S, Takian A, Tootee A, Ezzati M, Jamshidi HR, Larijani B, Majdzadeh R, Malekzadeh R. Iran in transition. Lancet. 2019 May 11;393(10184):1984-2005. Epub 2019 Apr 28. Erratum in: Lancet. 2019 May 25;393(10186):2124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33197-0
Akhondzadeh S. Trump, COVID-19, Natural Disasters and Health in Iran. Journal of Iranian Medical Council. 2020;3(1):1-1. http://www.jimc.ir/article_109719.html
Murphy A, Abdi Z, Harirchi I, McKee M, Ahmadnezhad E. Economic sanctions and Iran's capacity to respond to COVID-19. Lancet Public Health. 2020 May;5(5):e254. Epub 2020 Apr 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30083-9
Abdoli A. Iran, sanctions, and the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of medical economics. 2020;23(12):1461-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2020.1856855
Hussain Y, Muhammad K, Umer MF, Omarkhail A, Khan S, Kamran M, Rashid H, Khan Z. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in 5 Neighboring Limited-Resource Countries: A Financial and Health Threat. Value Health Reg Issues. 2021 May;24:114-116. Epub 2020 Jun 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2020.06.001
Abdi M. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Iran: Actions and problems. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020 Jun;41(6):754-755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.86
Karimi M, Haghpanah S. The effects of economic sanctions on disease specific clinical outcomes of patients with thalassemia and hemophilia in Iran. Health Policy. 2015 Feb;119(2):239-43. Epub 2014 Dec 19. PMID: 25564279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.12.011
Rassouli M, Ashrafizadeh H, Shirinabadi Farahani A, Akbari ME. COVID-19 Management in Iran as One of the Most Affected Countries in the World: Advantages and Weaknesses. Front Public Health. 2020 Sep 15;8:510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00510
Doshmangir L, Doshmangir P, Khodayari-Zarnaq R, Kalankesh LR. Iran’s Response to COVID-19 Crisis: What We Have Done and What Needs to Be Done. Evidence Based Health Policy, Management and Economics. 2020.
Behzadifar M, Ghanbari MK, Bakhtiari A, Behzadifar M, Bragazzi NL. Ensuring adequate health financing to prevent and control the COVID-19 in Iran. Int J Equity Health. 2020 May 6;19(1):61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01181-9
Razia Malmir AM, Rahele toghyani, Mohammad Saleh Safari. COVID Illness Crisis Management 19: Reengineering the Health Services System in Iran. Scientific-Research Journal of the Medical System Organization. 2021;38(1):11-8.
Leila Doshmangir PD, Rahim Khodayari-Zarnaq, Leila R.Kalankesh. Iran’s Response to COVID-19 Crisis: What We Have Done and What Needs to Be Done. Evidence Based Health Policy, Management & Economics. 2020;4(2):74-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/jebhpme.v4i2.3431
Cheraghali AM. Impacts of international sanctions on Iranian pharmaceutical market. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013;21(1):1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2008-2231-21-64
Seif Rabiei MA, Khanlarzadeh E, Nikpajouh A, Doaee M, Sanaei Z. Evaluating health promotion standards at the Farshchian heart center of Hamadan, Iran. Hosp Pract (1995). 2020 Dec;48(5):282-288. Epub 2020 Jul 26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.2020.1788819
Pezeshki MZ, Alizadeh M, Nikpajouh A, Ebadi A, Nohi S, Soleimanpour M. Evaluation of the health promotion standards in governmental and non-governmental hospitals in East-Azerbaijan. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2019 Oct 21;33:113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.33.113
Alizadeh Ghavidel A, Mirzaaghayan M, Yousefnia MA, Asdaghpour E, Baghaei Tehrani R, Jalilifar N, Radmehr H, Shirzad M, Austine N, Ahmadi H, Ahmadi ZH, Afrasiabi Rad A, Amirghofran A, Amin A, Ansari Aval Z, Babazadeh K, Bakhshandeh A, Baharestani B, Parvizi R, Jadbabaei A, Jahangirifard A, Hoseini S, Hekmat M, Heidari A, Shabani M, Sadeghipour P, Salehi M, Ziabakhsh Tabari S, Abbasi M, Gholampour Dahaki M, Firouzi A, Laali M, Mandegar MH, Mirmohammadsadeghi M, Navvabi Shirazi M, Nikpajooh A. Iranian Society of Cardiac Surgeons COVID-19 task force version II, restarting elective surgeries. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2020;12(3):158-164. Epub 2020 Jul 22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34172/jcvtr.2020.28
Ahmadi ZH, Mousavizadeh M, Nikpajouh A, Bahsir M, Hosseini S. COVID‐19: A perspective from Iran. Journal of Cardiac Surgery. 2021;36(5):1672-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocs.15054
Nikpajouh A, Shahrbaf MA, Doayie M, Mohseny M, Ebadi A, Alizadeh M, Zeinalzadeh AH, Laal N, Hasandokht T, Tarjoman T, Ahmadi M, Sabzmakan L, Yekta Z, Sanaei Z, Seif-Rabiei MA. Health promoting hospitals in Iran: Persian translation, cultural adaptation, content and face validation of selfassessment form of the standards of health promoting hospitals affiliated to the World Health Organization. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2018 Dec 3;32:120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14196/mjiri.32.120
Kye B, Hwang SJ. Social trust in the midst of pandemic crisis: Implications from COVID-19 of South Korea. Res Soc Stratif Mobil. 2020 Aug;68:100523. Epub 2020 Jun 18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100523
Kluge HHP, Wickramasinghe K, Rippin HL, Mendes R, Peters DH, Kontsevaya A, Breda J. Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in the COVID-19 response. Lancet. 2020 May 30;395(10238):1678-1680. Epub 2020 May 10. PMID: 32401713; PMCID: PMC7211494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31067-9
Pourmalek F, Rezaei Hemami M, Janani L, Moradi-Lakeh M. Rapid review of COVID-19 epidemic estimation studies for Iran. BMC Public Health. 2021 Feb 1;21(1):257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10183-3
Assembly UG. Universal declaration of human rights. UN General Assembly. 1948;302(2):14-25.
Keith LC. The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Does it make a difference in human rights behavior? Journal of Peace Research. 1999;36(1):95-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343399036001006
Assembly UG. International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. United Nations, Treaty Series. 1966;993(3):2009-57.
Takian A, Raoofi A, Kazempour-Ardebili S. COVID-19 battle during the toughest sanctions against Iran. Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1035-1036. Epub 2020 Mar 18. Erratum in: Lancet. 2020 Apr 18;395(10232):1258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30668-1
Peyravi M, Ahmadi Marzaleh M. The Effect of the US Sanctions on Humanitarian Aids during the Great Flood of Iran in 2019. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2020 Apr;35(2):233-234. Epub 2020 Feb 24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X20000242
Kokabisaghi F, Miller AC, Bashar FR, Salesi M, Zarchi AAK, Keramatfar A, Pourhoseingholi MA, Amini H, Vahedian-Azimi A. Impact of United States political sanctions on international collaborations and research in Iran. BMJ Glob Health. 2019 Sep 3;4(5):e001692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001692
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W; China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 20;382(8):727-733. Epub 2020 Jan 24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
Lobanov AA, Irina A Grishechkina, Andronov SV, Gleb N Barashkov, Andrey I Popov, Anatoliy D Fesyun, Elena P Ivanova, Maccarone MC, Stefano Masiero. Can aquatic exercises contribute to the improvement of the gait stereotype function in patients with Long COVID outcomes? Eur J Transl Myol. 2022 Jul 14. Epub ahead of print. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2022.10698
López-Viñas L, Vega-Villar J, Rocío-Martín E, García-García P, De La Rosa Santiago E, Galván-Román JM, Wix-Ramos R. Diaphragm impairment in patients admitted for severe COVID-19. Eur J Transl Myol. 2022 Jun 21;32(2):10460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2022.10460
Kouhpayeh H. Clinical features predicting COVID-19 mortality risk. Eur J Transl Myol. 2022 Apr 12. Epub ahead of print. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2022.10268
Finsterer J, Scorza FA, Scorza CA, Fiorini AC. Consider differentials before diagnosing COVID-19 associated polyradiculitis. Eur J Transl Myol. 2022 Jan 5. Online ahead of print. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2022.10111
Amato A, Messina G, Feka K, Genua D, Ragonese P, Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Fischetti F, Iovane A, Proia P. Taopatch® combined with home-based training protocol to prevent sedentary lifestyle and biochemical changes in MS patients during COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Transl Myol. 2021 Aug 31;31(3):9877. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2021.9877
Gilmutdinova IR, Kolyshenkov VA, Lapickaya KA, Trepova AS, Vasileva VA, Prosvirnin AN, Marchenkova LA, Terentev KV, Yakovlev MY, Rachin AP, Fesyun AD, Reverchuk IV. Telemedicine platform COVIDREHAB for remote rehabilitation of patients after COVID-19. Eur J Transl Myol. 2021 May 13;31(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2021.9783
Doro M, Ferreira Marques Y, Cantarinho de Lima HF, De Oliveira Caccalano W, De Oliveira Nessi AA, Chagas Caperuto É, De Oliveira Alonso D, Leite Portella D. Physical activity and medication in Brazilians suffering with non-communicable diseases in quarantine by COVID-19. Eur J Transl Myol. 2021 Apr 29;31(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2021.9772
Carraro U, Albertin G, Martini A, Giuriati W, Guidolin D, Masiero S, Kern H, Hofer C, Marcante A, Ravara B. To contrast and reverse skeletal muscle weakness by Full-Body In-Bed Gym in chronic COVID-19 pandemic syndrome. Eur J Transl Myol. 2021 Mar 26;31(1):9641. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2021.9641
Moro T, Paoli A. When COVID-19 affects muscle: effects of quarantine in older adults. Eur J Transl Myol. 2020 Jun 17;30(2):9069. eCollection 2020 Jul 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2020.9069
Angelini C, Siciliano G. Neuromuscular diseases and Covid-19: Advices from scientific societies and early observations in Italy. Eur J Transl Myol. 2020 Jun 22;30(2):9032. eCollection 2020 Jul 13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2020.9032
Labaf A, Jalili M, Jaafari Pooyan E, Mazinani M. Management of COVID-19 Crisis in Tehran University of Medical Sciences Hospitals: Challenges and Strategies. sjsph. 2021; 18 (4) :355-372.
World Economy Newspaper N, News Number: 3790613, Publication Date: 1400/05/27.
Sortiraparis.com. Vaccine in the world as of Friday 28 January 2022. The percentage of people vaccinated by country. Language English. Article 240384. https://www.sortiraparis.com/news/coronavirus /articles/240384-vaccine-in-the-world-as-of-friday-28-january-2022-the-percentage-of-people-vaccinated-by-country/lang/en.

How to Cite

Pormasoumi, H., Rostami, D., Jamebozorgi, K., Mirshekarpour, H., & Heshmatnia, J. (2022). COVID-19 management in Iran and international sanctions. European Journal of Translational Myology, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2022.10777