https://www.pagepressjournals.org/jsas <p>The <strong>Journal of the Siena Academy of Sciences</strong> (formerly known as <em>"Atti della Accademia dei Fisiocritici in Siena. Sezione medico-fisica"</em> and <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Atti+della+Accademia+dei+fisiocritici+in+Siena.+Sezione+medico-fisica%22[Jour]&amp;cmd=detailssearch" target="_blank" rel="noopener">available in <strong>Medline</strong> until 1968</a>) is published continuously since 1761 and it is in fact one of the oldest scientific journals in the world. <em>New issues are published yearly, usually in October, presenting all articles collected the previous year</em>.</p> PAGEPress Scientific Publications, Pavia, Italy en-US Journal of the Siena Academy of Sciences 2279-882X <p><strong>PAGEPress</strong> has chosen to apply the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License</strong></a> (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.</p> https://www.pagepressjournals.org/jsas/article/view/8542 <p>not available</p> V.V. A.A. Copyright (c) 2019 V.V. A.A. 2019-09-05 2019-09-05 10 1 10.4081/jsas.2018.8542 https://www.pagepressjournals.org/jsas/article/view/8541 <p>not available</p> V.V. A.A. Copyright (c) 2019 2019-09-05 2019-09-05 10 1 10.4081/jsas.2018.8541 https://www.pagepressjournals.org/jsas/article/view/8535 <p>[In this work we will show chance, necessity and, sometimes, opportunity of an abhorred informational alteration and how fake/true are artificial, conventional categories. Information arises with life, and with information arises a gap between reality (or another information that is assumed as original and true) and information that represents, repeats or replaces it. This is a gap and it creates a difference, a duality, a not virtual distance, it opens a space for potential (or unavoidable?) unfaithfulness, incongruities, falsehood. Lie can be meant as alteration, as distortion, as denial, or as creation “ex nihilo” if referred to what (world reality or other information) is assumed as original and authentic. The information (or latter information) is valued comparing it to the primary factor, aiming to find its compliance. Somehow or other, the conformity between these two poles is never full and unconditional. Due to this, life arises with the not eliminable lie “germ” inside. This has advantageous implications. “Untruthful” information has had a decisive importance in evolutionary balance and trending forever. Between life and lie, there is an indissoluble mutuality loop. Our thesis aims to: <br>• Expand the meaning of lie and to draw its continuity (that is different from homology or identity) between biologic sphere and anthropic/cultural one <br>• An appreciation of lie, starting from an investigation that examines its nature, its genetic processes and its function, both in the biological world and in the anthropic one <br>• Show its inseparableness from truth, that is to say the continuity (not homogeneity) between it and the lie, both in the biological world and in the anthropic one <br>• If the lie is meant in the widest sense, it presents some characterizing features. The lie is <br>• Random, that is to say it arises by chance, due to neither predictable nor controllable causes <br>• Necessary, because sometime it occurs in an inescapable way, due to the fact that it is intrinsic of the process of representation and/or of replication Appropriate, because sometimes it is the result of an aimed process and offers benefits if it is implemented.</p> <p>The excursus will be scientifically documented and it will be furnished with various iconography (pictures, video-clips…). It will lead us to adopt a wider, critical and not conventional overlook in considering topics as mimicry (meant in all its types: molecular, cryptic, batesian, müllerian, emsleyan, etc.), genetic mutations and evolution, sensorial (not only visual) illusions and hallucinations, the Theory of Games, the referentiality in semantics and in semiotics, gnoseologic, logic, heuristic, etic, aesthetic aspects of truthfulness. This work has no pretension to be a treatise, but it tries to shed light on what brings together so different aspects, in critical, epistemological and methodological ways. We will indicate historical (of very different periods) and authorial references of presented argumentations, thanks to drawing from several fields of knowledge and to comparing them: philosophy, figurative arts, life sciences, semiotics, literature, cinematography… All these argumentations will allow us to conclude that lie cannot be the enemy to be loathed. It must not be disapproved in a prejudicial way, but it deserves listening, attention and… esteem!... This should dispel or re-define the sense, the meaning and the function of (presumed) truth. It, both revealed and demonstrated, is often assumed as dogmatically absolute and (guiltily) it is interpreted as myth or it is mystified].</p> Mario Tanga Copyright (c) 2019 Mario Tanga 2019-09-05 2019-09-05 10 1 10.4081/jsas.2018.8535